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References

Every factual claim in NodeScholar’s regulation, policy-timeline, and CBDC content is cited. Inline footnote markers like [1] link to the entries below. Sources are official regulators, primary documents, major news outlets, or reputable research — never fabricated.

487 sources · links last verified 2026-10-04 · URLs are shown for offline lookup

Primary documents (55)

  • [1] Nakamoto (2008)

    Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System

    Satoshi Nakamoto (self-published whitepaper) · Published 2008-10-31

    https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdfAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [169] Hughes — A Cypherpunk's Manifesto (1993)

    A Cypherpunk's Manifesto

    Eric Hughes (cypherpunks mailing list) · Published 1993-03-09

    https://www.activism.net/cypherpunk/manifesto.htmlAccessed 2026-07-30

  • [171] Dai — b-money (1998)

    b-money

    Wei Dai · Published 1998-11-01

    http://www.weidai.com/bmoney.txtAccessed 2026-07-30

  • [172] Szabo — Bit Gold (2008)

    Bit Gold

    Nick Szabo (unenumerated blog) · Published 2008-12-25

    https://unenumerated.blogspot.com/2005/12/bit-gold.htmlAccessed 2026-07-30

  • [175] Finney — Bitcoin and Me (2013)

    Bitcoin and Me (Hal Finney)

    Hal Finney (BitcoinTalk forum) · Published 2013-03-19

    https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=155054.0Accessed 2026-07-30

  • [190] Satoshi — P2P Foundation post (2009)

    Bitcoin — P2P e-cash paper (P2P Foundation forum post)

    Satoshi Nakamoto (P2P Foundation) · Published 2009-02-11

    http://p2pfoundation.ning.com/forum/topics/bitcoin-open-sourceAccessed 2026-08-03

  • [191] Nakamoto Institute — complete works

    The Complete Satoshi — All Forum Posts, Emails, and Papers

    NakamotoInstitute.org · Published 2013-01-01

    https://satoshi.nakamotoinstitute.org/Accessed 2026-08-03

  • [192] Buterin — Ethereum whitepaper (2014)

    Ethereum White Paper: A Next-Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform

    Vitalik Buterin · Published 2014-01-01

    https://ethereum.org/en/whitepaper/Accessed 2026-08-03

  • [194] BIP 148 — UASF (2017)

    BIP 148: Mandatory activation of SegWit deployment

    shaolinfry (Bitcoin Improvement Proposal) · Published 2017-03-12

    https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0148.mediawikiAccessed 2026-08-03

  • [200] Larva Labs — CryptoPunks

    CryptoPunks — 10,000 Unique Collectible Characters

    Larva Labs · Published 2017-06-23

    https://www.larvalabs.com/cryptopunksAccessed 2026-08-03

  • [208] Nixon — suspension of gold convertibility (1971)

    Nixon Shock — Address to the Nation on the Economy (Aug 15, 1971)

    Richard Nixon (American Presidency Project) · Published 1971-08-15

    https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/address-the-nation-outlining-new-economic-policy-the-challenge-peaceAccessed 2026-08-03

  • [209] Bretton Woods — original agreement (1944)

    Bretton Woods Agreements — Final Act of the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference

    United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, Bretton Woods, NH · Published 1944-07-22

    https://www.loc.gov/item/2014548989/Accessed 2026-08-03

  • [213] May — Crypto Anarchist Manifesto (1992)

    The Crypto Anarchist Manifesto

    Tim May (Crypto Conference, August 1992) · Published 1992-08-01

    https://www.activism.net/cypherpunk/crypto-anarchy.htmlAccessed 2026-08-03

  • [214] MakerDAO — Purple Paper (2017)

    The Dai Stablecoin System: Purple Paper

    MakerDAO · Published 2017-12-18

    https://makerdao.com/whitepaper/Accessed 2026-08-12

  • [220] Poon & Dryja — Lightning paper (2016)

    The Bitcoin Lightning Network: Scalable Off-Chain Instant Payments

    Joseph Poon & Thaddeus Dryja (draft) · Published 2016-01-14

    https://lightning.network/lightning-network-paper.pdfAccessed 2026-08-12

  • [221] BOLT spec — BIPs (2017)

    BOLT: Anonymous Payment Channels

    Bitcoin Improvement Proposals · Published 2017-01-20

    https://github.com/lightning/boltsAccessed 2026-08-12

  • [223] Buterin — Endgame roadmap (2021)

    Endgame

    Vitalik Buterin · Published 2021-12-06

    https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/12/06/endgame.htmlAccessed 2026-08-12

  • [225] EIP-4844 — Proto-danksharding

    EIP-4844: Shard Blob Transactions

    Ethereum Improvement Proposals · Published 2022-03-13

    https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-4844Accessed 2026-08-12

  • [228] Tornado Cash v3 — core contracts

    Tornado Cash v3 Core Contracts

    Tornado Cash (open-source) · Published 2020-10-21

    https://github.com/tornadocash/tornado-coreAccessed 2026-08-12

  • [245] United States v. Ulbricht (2017)

    United States v. Ulbricht, 858 F.3d 47 (2d Cir. 2017) — Second Circuit affirming conviction

    U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit · Published 2017-05-31

    https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/4594479/united-states-v-ulbricht/Accessed 2026-08-20

  • [362] Buterin — Crypto + AI applications (2024)

    The Promise and Challenges of Crypto + AI Applications

    Vitalik Buterin (vitalik.eth.limo) · Published 2024-01-30

    https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2024/01/30/cryptoai.htmlAccessed 2026-09-06

  • [368] x402 — HTTP-native payments spec

    x402 — An Open, Neutral Standard for Internet-Native Payments

    x402 Foundation (Linux Foundation)

    https://x402.orgAccessed 2026-09-06

  • [369] Bittensor — decentralized machine intelligence

    Bittensor — Decentralized Machine Intelligence Network (official project site)

    Bittensor (Opentensor Foundation)

    https://bittensor.comAccessed 2026-09-06

  • [378] § 23 EStG — private sales

    Einkommensteuergesetz § 23: Private Veräußerungsgeschäfte

    Bundesministerium der Justiz (gesetze-im-internet.de)

    https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/estg/__23.htmlAccessed 2026-09-30

  • [384] EIP-1559 — Fee market change (2019)

    EIP-1559: Fee market change for ETH 1.0 chain

    Ethereum Improvement Proposals · Published 2019-04-13

    https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1559Accessed 2026-10-02

  • [388] ultrasound.money — ETH supply dashboard

    Ultra Sound Money: ETH supply, issuance and burn dashboard (figures read 2026-10-02)

    ultrasound.money

    https://ultrasound.money/Accessed 2026-10-02

  • [389] EIP-7691 — Blob throughput increase (2024)

    EIP-7691: Blob throughput increase

    Ethereum Improvement Proposals · Published 2024-04-17

    https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7691Accessed 2026-10-02

  • [392] EIP-7918 — Blob base fee bounded by execution cost (2025)

    EIP-7918: Blob base fee bounded by execution cost

    Ethereum Improvement Proposals · Published 2025-03-25

    https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7918Accessed 2026-10-02

  • [393] BIP 125 — Opt-in full replace-by-fee (2015)

    BIP 125: Opt-in Full Replace-by-Fee Signaling

    David A. Harding and Peter Todd (Bitcoin Improvement Proposal) · Published 2015-12-04

    https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0125.mediawikiAccessed 2026-10-02

  • [395] mempool.space — Bitcoin fee and mining data

    mempool.space: block 840,000 fees, 1,008-block reward statistics and recommended fee rates (figures read 2026-10-02)

    mempool.space

    https://mempool.space/miningAccessed 2026-10-02

  • [399] Ethereum consensus specs — Phase 0 beacon chain

    Ethereum Proof-of-Stake Consensus Specifications: Phase 0 — The Beacon Chain

    Ethereum Foundation (ethereum/consensus-specs)

    https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/master/specs/phase0/beacon-chain.mdAccessed 2026-10-02

  • [400] Ethereum consensus specs — Altair beacon chain

    Altair — The Beacon Chain (consensus specification)

    Ethereum Foundation (ethereum/consensus-specs)

    https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/master/specs/altair/beacon-chain.mdAccessed 2026-10-02

  • [403] Ethereum consensus specs — Electra beacon chain

    Electra — The Beacon Chain (consensus specification)

    Ethereum Foundation (ethereum/consensus-specs)

    https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/master/specs/electra/beacon-chain.mdAccessed 2026-10-02

  • [404] Ethereum consensus specs — Bellatrix beacon chain

    Bellatrix — The Beacon Chain (consensus specification)

    Ethereum Foundation (ethereum/consensus-specs)

    https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/master/specs/bellatrix/beacon-chain.mdAccessed 2026-10-02

  • [405] EIP-7251 — Increase MAX_EFFECTIVE_BALANCE

    EIP-7251: Increase the MAX_EFFECTIVE_BALANCE

    Ethereum Improvement Proposals · Published 2023-06-28

    https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7251Accessed 2026-10-02

  • [410] EIP-3076 — Slashing protection interchange format

    EIP-3076: Slashing Protection Interchange Format

    Ethereum Improvement Proposals · Published 2020-10-27

    https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-3076Accessed 2026-10-02

  • [415] EigenLayer Team — EigenLayer whitepaper (2023)

    EigenLayer: The Restaking Collective

    EigenLayer Team (Eigen Labs) · Published 2023

    https://docs.eigencloud.xyz/assets/files/EigenLayer_WhitePaper-88c47923ca0319870c611decd6e562ad.pdfAccessed 2026-10-02

  • [416] Buterin — Why Proof of Stake (2020)

    Why Proof of Stake (Nov 2020)

    Vitalik Buterin (vitalik.eth.limo) · Published 2020-11-06

    https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2020/11/06/pos2020.htmlAccessed 2026-10-02

  • [417] Edgington — Upgrading Ethereum: Slashing

    Upgrading Ethereum: Slashing

    Ben Edgington (eth2book.info)

    https://eth2book.info/latest/part2/incentives/slashing/Accessed 2026-10-02

  • [418] Eigen Labs — EIGEN intersubjective work token (2024)

    EIGEN: The Universal Intersubjective Work Token

    Eigen Labs · Published 2024-04-29

    https://www.eigenlabs.org/blog/eigen/Accessed 2026-10-02

  • [419] Buterin — Don’t overload Ethereum’s consensus (2023)

    Don’t overload Ethereum’s consensus

    Vitalik Buterin (vitalik.eth.limo) · Published 2023-05-21

    https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2023/05/21/dont_overload.htmlAccessed 2026-10-02

  • [424] Cosmos Gaia — v28.0.0 release (2026)

    Gaia v28.0.0: Remove Interchain Security provider module

    cosmos/gaia (GitHub) · Published 2026-08-21

    https://github.com/cosmos/gaia/releases/tag/v28.0.0Accessed 2026-10-02

  • [425] Eigen Foundation — ELIP-002 (2025)

    ELIP-002: Slashing via Unique Stake & Operator Sets

    Eigen Foundation (ELIPs, GitHub) · Published 2025

    https://github.com/eigenfoundation/ELIPs/blob/main/ELIPs/ELIP-002.mdAccessed 2026-10-02

  • [428] Symbiotic — Core contracts README

    Symbiotic Core Smart Contracts

    Symbiotic (symbioticfi/core, GitHub)

    https://github.com/symbioticfi/coreAccessed 2026-10-02

  • [429] Babylon — Bitcoin staking script

    Bitcoin Staking Script

    Babylon Labs (babylonlabs-io/babylon, GitHub)

    https://github.com/babylonlabs-io/babylon/blob/main/docs/staking-script.mdAccessed 2026-10-02

  • [431] de la Rouviere — Tokens 2.0 (2017)

    Tokens 2.0: Curved Token Bonding in Curation Markets

    Simon de la Rouviere (Medium) · Published 2017-11-21

    https://medium.com/@simondlr/tokens-2-0-curved-token-bonding-in-curation-markets-1764a2e0bee5Accessed 2026-10-02

  • [432] Hertzog et al. — Bancor Protocol whitepaper (2018)

    Bancor Protocol: Continuous Liquidity for Cryptographic Tokens through their Smart Contracts

    Eyal Hertzog, Guy Benartzi & Galia Benartzi (Bancor); CryptoPapers mirror · Published 2018-01-09

    https://cryptopapers.info/assets/pdf/bancor.pdfAccessed 2026-10-02

  • [433] Adams et al. — Uniswap v2 Core (2020)

    Uniswap v2 Core

    Hayden Adams, Noah Zinsmeister & Dan Robinson (Uniswap) · Published 2020

    https://app.uniswap.org/whitepaper.pdfAccessed 2026-10-02

  • [434] Adams — A short history of Uniswap (2019)

    A short history of Uniswap

    Hayden Adams (Uniswap Labs blog) · Published 2019-02-11

    https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-historyAccessed 2026-10-02

  • [435] Decentraland — MANA/BNT token relay (2017)

    Decentraland and Bancor Partner to Create a MANA/BNT Token Relay for Decentralized Liquidity

    Decentraland (Medium) · Published 2017-12-14

    https://medium.com/decentraland/decentraland-and-bancor-partner-to-create-a-mana-bnt-token-relay-for-decentralized-liquidity-d2e69002f104Accessed 2026-10-02

  • [436] Titcomb — Augmented Bonding Curves (2019)

    Deep Dive: Augmented Bonding Curves

    Abbey Titcomb (Commons Stack, Medium) · Published 2019-12-02

    https://medium.com/commonsstack/deep-dive-augmented-bonding-curves-b5ca4fad4436Accessed 2026-10-02

  • [437] Favre — Continuous Organizations whitepaper (2019)

    Continuous Organizations whitepaper, version 1.2

    Thibauld Favre (C-ORG, GitHub) · Published 2019-10-17

    https://github.com/C-ORG/whitepaperAccessed 2026-10-02

  • [438] friend.tech — FriendtechSharesV1 contract

    FriendtechSharesV1 (verified contract source, Base)

    Basescan

    https://basescan.org/address/0xcf205808ed36593aa40a44f10c7f7c2f67d4a4d4#codeAccessed 2026-10-02

  • [441] pump.fun — Pump program docs

    Pump program (pump-public-docs)

    pump.fun (GitHub)

    https://github.com/pump-fun/pump-public-docs/blob/main/docs/PUMP_PROGRAM_README.mdAccessed 2026-10-02

  • [464] Parity — multi-sig library postmortem (2017)

    A Postmortem on the Parity Multi-Sig Library Self-Destruct

    Parity Technologies · Published 2017-11-15

    https://medium.com/paritytech/a-postmortem-on-the-parity-multi-sig-library-self-destruct-63daca3a4cf7Accessed 2026-10-04

Regulatory & legal (221)

  • [2] PBOC et al. (2013)

    Notice on Preventing Bitcoin Risks

    People's Bank of China, MIIT, CBIRC, CYPA, MIIT · Published 2013-12-03

    https://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2013-12/05/content_2542751.htmAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [3] PBOC et al. (2017)

    Announcement on Preventing Financing Risks of Token Issuance

    People's Bank of China and six other agencies · Published 2017-09-04

    http://www.pbc.gov.cn/goutongjiaoliu/113456/113469/3374222/index.htmlAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [4] PBOC et al. (2021)

    Notice on Further Preventing and Disposing of the Risks of Virtual Currency Trading Speculation

    People's Bank of China and nine other agencies · Published 2021-09-15

    http://www.pbc.gov.cn/goutongjiaoliu/113456/113469/4359590/index.htmlAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [6] SEC Bitcoin ETF order (2024)

    Self-Regulatory Organizations; Cboe BZX, Inc.; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Nasdaq ISE, LLC — Order Approving Proposed Rule Changes to List and Trade Shares of Spot Bitcoin Exchange-Traded Products

    U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission · Published 2024-01-10

    https://www.sec.gov/rules/sro/cboebzx/2024/34-99570.pdfAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [7] SEC Ethereum ETF order (2024)

    Order Approving Proposed Rule Changes to List and Trade Shares of Spot Ether Exchange-Traded Products

    U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission · Published 2024-07-23

    https://www.sec.gov/files/rules/sro/cboebzx/2024/34-100732.pdfAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [8] DOJ/Binance settlement (2023)

    Binance Holdings Ltd. Plea Agreement and Resolution of Investigation

    U.S. Department of Justice, FinCEN, OFAC, CFTC · Published 2023-11-21

    https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/binance-and-ceo-plead-guilty-federal-charges-multibillion-dollar-criminal-schemeAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [9] SDNY SBF sentencing (2024)

    United States v. Bankman-Fried — Sentencing (S.D.N.Y. No. 22-cr-673)

    U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York · Published 2024-03-28

    https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/ftx-founder-samuel-bankman-fried-sentenced-25-years-prison/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [10] OFAC Tornado Cash designation (2022)

    Treasury Sanctions Tornado Cash Virtual Currency Mixer (SDN Listing)

    U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control · Published 2022-08-08

    https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent_actions/20220808_33.pdfAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [11] OFAC Tornado Cash delisting (2025)

    Removal of Tornado Cash From the Specially Designated Nationals List

    U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control · Published 2025-03-21

    https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0057Accessed 2026-09-01

  • [12] FinCEN MSB guidance (2019)

    FinCEN Guidance: Application of FinCEN’s Regulations to Certain Business Models Involving Convertible Virtual Currencies

    Financial Crimes Enforcement Network · Published 2019-05-09

    https://www.fincen.gov/sites/default/files/2019-05/FinCEN%20Guidance%20CVC%20FINAL%20508.pdfAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [14] MiCA regulation (2023)

    Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 on Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA)

    European Parliament and Council of the EU · Published 2023-05-31

    https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1114/ojAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [16] FCA financial promotions regime (2023)

    Cryptoasset Financial Promotions Rules — Policy Statement PS23/6

    UK Financial Conduct Authority · Published 2023-06-08

    https://www.fca.org.uk/publications/policy-statements/ps23-6-cryptoasset-financial-promotions-rulesAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [17] RBI circular (2018)

    RBI Statement on Developmental and Regulatory Policies — Virtual Currencies

    Reserve Bank of India · Published 2018-04-06

    https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PressRelease.aspx?mp=2017-18&pr=43Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [18] India Supreme Court (2020)

    Internet and Mobile Association of India v. Reserve Bank of India, Writ Petition (Civil) No. 528 of 2018

    Supreme Court of India · Published 2020-03-04

    https://main.sci.gov.in/judgment/judis/43455.pdfAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [19] India Budget 2022 — crypto tax

    Union Budget 2022-23: Finance Bill, Taxation of Virtual Digital Assets

    Ministry of Finance, Government of India · Published 2022-02-01

    https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2022-23/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [21] MAS Payment Services Act (2019)

    Payment Services Act 2019 (No. 2 of 2019)

    Monetary Authority of Singapore · Published 2019-01-14

    https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/PSA2019Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [22] MAS crypto guidelines (2023)

    Consultation Paper on Proposed Regulatory Measures for Digital Payment Token Services

    Monetary Authority of Singapore · Published 2023-07-03

    https://www.mas.gov.sg/publications/consultations/2023/consultation-paper-on-proposed-regulatory-measures-for-digital-payment-token-servicesAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [23] VARA establishment (2022)

    Dubai Establishes the Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority (VARA)

    Government of Dubai, UAE · Published 2022-03-09

    https://www.vara.ae/en/about/about-vara/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [24] Ley Bitcoin (2021)

    Decreto Legislativo N° 57 — Ley de Bitcoin

    Asamblea Legislativa de El Salvador · Published 2021-06-08

    https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/sites/default/files/documents/decretos/DAF8F7C2-A07D-4296-9252-20E66A1825F1.pdfAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [25] Japan Payment Services Act (2017)

    Revised Payment Services Act — Virtual Currency Dealer Registration

    Financial Services Agency, Japan · Published 2017-04-01

    https://www.fsa.go.jp/en/news/2022/20221130/20221130.pdfAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [26] Japan JVCEA self-regulation (2018)

    Establishment of the Japan Virtual Currency Exchange Association (JVCEA)

    Japan Virtual Currency Exchange Association · Published 2018-03-22

    https://jvcea.or.jp/en/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [27] Korea VAUP Act (2023)

    Act on the Protection of Users of Virtual Asset Transactions (Virtual Asset User Protection Act)

    National Assembly of the Republic of Korea · Published 2023-06-30

    https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/main.doAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [28] Swiss DLT Act (2021)

    Federal Act on the Adaptation of Federal Law to Developments in Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT Act)

    Swiss Federal Assembly · Published 2021-02-01

    https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/2021/110/enAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [29] Brazil crypto-assets law (2022)

    Lei Nº 14.478 de 2022 — Marco Legal dos Criptoativos

    Presidência da República, Brazil · Published 2022-12-21

    https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2019-2022/2022/lei/l14478.htmAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [30] CBN crypto ban (2021)

    Circular to Banks and Other Financial Institutions — Transactions in Cryptocurrency

    Central Bank of Nigeria · Published 2021-02-05

    https://www.cbn.gov.ng/out/2021/CCD/LETTER%20TO%20BANKS%20AND%20OTHER%20FINANCIAL%20INSTITUTIONS%20ON%20CRYPTOCURRENCY%20TRANSACTIONS.pdfAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [31] CBN ban reversal (2023)

    Circular to All Banks and Other Financial Institutions — Trade in Cryptocurrency Assets

    Central Bank of Nigeria · Published 2023-12-22

    https://www.cbn.gov.ng/out/2023/CCD/1/REVIEW%20OF%20CIRCULAR%20ON%20CRYPTOCURRENCY%20TRANSACTIONS%20THROUGH%20VIRTUAL%20CURRENCY%20EXCHANGES.pdfAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [33] Turkey crypto payment ban (2021)

    Regulation on the Non-Use of Crypto Assets in Payments

    Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye · Published 2021-04-16

    https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/EN/TCMB+EN/Main+Menu/Announcements/Press+Releases/2021/HTML20214_13Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [34] Turkey crypto-assets law (2024)

    Law on Capital Markets Amendment No. 7518 — Crypto-Asset Service Providers

    Grand National Assembly of Türkiye · Published 2024-07-02

    https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/5.5.7518Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [35] CSA staff notice (2023)

    CSA Staff Notice 21-332 — Expected Practices for Crypto-Asset Trading Platforms

    Canadian Securities Administrators · Published 2023-03-24

    https://www.osc.ca/sites/default/files/pdfs/irps/csa/sn212332_csa-staff-notice-2023.pdfAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [36] AUSTRAC DCE registration (2018)

    Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Amendment Act — Digital Currency Exchange Registration

    AUSTRAC (Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre) · Published 2018-04-03

    https://www.austrac.gov.au/business/how-to-comply/register/digital-currency-exchange-registerAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [37] Australia Treasury token mapping (2023)

    Consultation Paper — Regulation of Digital Asset Platforms (Token Mapping Reforms)

    The Treasury, Commonwealth of Australia · Published 2023-02-03

    https://treasury.gov.au/consultation/c2023-359159Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [38] HKMA stablecoin consultation (2024)

    Consultation Conclusions on Legislative Proposal for Fiat-Referenced Stablecoin Issuers in Hong Kong

    Hong Kong Monetary Authority · Published 2024-07-17

    https://www.hkma.gov.hk/eng/news-and-media/press-releases/2024/07/20240717-2/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [39] SFC Hong Kong retail ETF (2024)

    Authorisation of Spot Ether and Spot Bitcoin ETFs for Retail Investors in Hong Kong

    Securities and Futures Commission of Hong Kong · Published 2024-04-30

    https://www.sfc.hk/en/News-and-announcements/Policy-announcements-and-guidelines/Crypto-related-ETFsAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [40] OFAC Iran crypto SDN guidance

    Iran Sanctions — Guidance on Virtual Currency and the Iranian Rial

    U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control · Published 2018-05-08

    https://ofac.treasury.gov/media/17551/download?inlineAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [41] UN DPRK Panel of Experts (2024)

    Report of the Panel of Experts Established Pursuant to Resolution 1874 (2009) — S/2024/287

    United Nations Security Council, Committee established pursuant to resolution 1718 (2006) · Published 2024-04-29

    https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n24/132/19/pdf/n2413219.pdfAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [42] OFAC Lazarus/Ronin designation (2022)

    Treasury Sanctions Lazarus Group and Entities Associated with the Ronin Network Exploit

    U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control · Published 2022-04-14

    https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent_actions/20220414_33.pdfAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [45] FATF Travel Rule (2019)

    FATF Guidance for a Risk-Based Approach to Virtual Assets and Virtual Asset Service Providers

    Financial Action Task Force · Published 2019-06-21

    https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf/guidance/2019-fsd-vawp.pdfAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [46] FATF updated guidance (2021)

    Updated Guidance for a Risk-Based Approach to Virtual Assets and Virtual Asset Service Providers

    Financial Action Task Force · Published 2021-10-28

    https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf/guidance/updated-guidance-va-vasp-rba-2021.pdfAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [52] Mexico CNBV crypto warning (2021)

    Comunicado de las autoridades financieras sobre los activos virtuales

    CNBV, Banxico, SHCP, CONDUSEF (Mexico) · Published 2021-03-26

    https://www.gob.mx/cnbv/articulos/comunicado-de-las-autoridades-financieras-sobre-los-activos-virtualesAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [53] Mexico Ley Fintech (2018)

    Ley para Regular las Instituciones de Tecnología Financiera (Ley Fintech)

    Congreso de la Unión, Mexico · Published 2018-03-09

    https://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5515464Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [54] Argentina BCRA crypto ban (2022)

    Comunicación A 7578 — Prohibición a entidades financieras de operar con activos virtuales

    Banco Central de la República Argentina · Published 2022-05-05

    https://www.bcra.gob.ar/Pdfs/comytexord/A7578.pdfAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [55] Argentina CNV VASP registry (2024)

    Registro de VASP — Resolución CNV sobre Prestadores de Servicios sobre Activos Virtuales

    Comisión Nacional de Valores (Argentina) · Published 2024-03-13

    https://www.cnv.gov.ar/sitio-web/consultas/6009/registro-vaspAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [56] Indonesia Bappebti rules (2019)

    Regulation No. 5 of 2019 on the Provision of Futures Trading for Crypto Assets

    Bappebti (Commodity Futures Trading Regulatory Agency, Indonesia) · Published 2019-02-11

    https://www.bappebti.go.id/berita-posting/pemberlakuan-peraturan-bappebti-nomor-5-tahun-2019Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [57] Indonesia Bappebti crypto trading (2024)

    Regulation No. 9 of 2024 on Crypto Asset Trading

    Bappebti (Commodity Futures Trading Regulatory Agency, Indonesia) · Published 2024-02-27

    https://www.bappebti.go.id/berita-posting/peraturan-bappebti-nomor-9-tahun-2024Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [58] Thailand SEC crypto rules (2018)

    Royal Decree on Digital Asset Businesses B.E. 2561 (2018)

    SEC Thailand / Royal Gazette · Published 2018-05-13

    https://www.sec.or.th/en/Pages/LawandRegulations/DigitalAssetBusinesses.aspxAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [59] Vietnam digital-asset pilot (2025)

    Resolution 155/2025/QH15 — Pilot Implementation of Digital Asset Exchange Platform

    National Assembly of Vietnam · Published 2025-06-27

    https://dangcongsan.vn/xa-hoi/quoc-hoi-thong-qua-nghi-quyet-thu-nghiem-dieu-hanh-san-giao-dip-tai-san-so-669487.htmlAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [60] Philippines BSP circular (2021)

    Circular No. 1108/2021 — Guidelines for Virtual Asset Service Providers

    Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) · Published 2021-01-19

    https://www.bsp.gov.ph/Site/Pages/SingleMedia.aspx?id=5909Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [61] Pakistan SBP ban (2018)

    BPR Circular Letter No. 03 of 2018 — Advisory on Virtual Currencies/Tokens

    State Bank of Pakistan · Published 2018-04-06

    https://www.sbp.org.pk/bprd/2018/C3.htmAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [62] Saudi SAMA crypto warning (2018)

    Warning Statement on Virtual Currencies

    Saudi Central Bank (SAMA) · Published 2018-02-09

    https://www.sama.gov.sa/en-US/news/Pages/default.aspxAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [63] Israel ISA crypto regulation (2018)

    Interim Report on Regulation of Virtual Currencies and ICOs

    Israel Securities Authority (ISA) · Published 2018-03-15

    https://www.isa.gov.il/%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%AA%20%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%97/Eng/24178/Public%20Committee%20on%20Virtual%20Currencies%20and%20ICOs.pdfAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [64] Israel MoF AML order (2024)

    Order Imposing Obligations on Financial Service Providers in Virtual Currencies

    Israel Ministry of Finance / Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Prohibition Authority · Published 2024-10-01

    https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/impa_vasp_order_2024Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [65] South Africa FSCA crypto position paper (2022)

    Position Paper No. 13 of 2022 — Crypto Assets and the Application of Financial Sector Laws

    South African Financial Sector Conduct Authority (FSCA) · Published 2022-11-10

    https://www.fsca.co.za/Regulated%20Entities/Financial%20Services%20Providers/Pages/Crypto-Assets.aspxAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [66] Kenya CMA digital assets regulation (2023)

    Capital Markets (Digital Assets) Regulations 2023 — Draft for Public Comment

    Capital Markets Authority of Kenya · Published 2023-11-28

    https://www.cma.or.ke/index.php/regulations/cma-draft-digital-assets-regulationsAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [67] Ukraine Virtual Assets Law (2022)

    On Virtual Assets — Law of Ukraine No. 2074-IX

    Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine · Published 2022-02-17

    https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2074-20#n2Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [69] Venezuela SUNDDE crypto resolution (2021)

    Providencia mediante la cual se excluyen del régimen de utilidades razonables los precios de los activos criptográficos

    Sundde (Venezuelan consumer protection agency) · Published 2021-09-16

    https://www.sunacop.gob.ve/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [70] OFAC Venezuela sanctions program

    Venezuela Sanctions — Executive Order 13850 and subsequent amendments

    U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control · Published 2018-11-01

    https://ofac.treasury.gov/sanctions-disambiguation/venezuela-sanctionsAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [72] Colombia crypto pilot (2022)

    Circular 029/2022 — Pilot Test for the Operation of Crypto-Active Platforms with Banks

    Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia · Published 2022-04-21

    https://www.superfinanciera.gov.co/inicio/normatividad/normativa-sfc/circular-basica-juridica-61298Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [73] Colombia DIAN crypto tax (2023)

    Concepto Unificado 012 — Tratamiento Tributario de los Activos Criptográficos

    DIAN (Colombian tax authority) · Published 2023-05-15

    https://www.dian.gov.co/impuestos/factura-electronica/Normatividad/Paginas/default.aspxAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [74] Morocco crypto ban (2017)

    Communiqué de l’Office des Changes et de Bank Al-Maghrib sur les monnaies virtuelles

    Office des Changes and Bank Al-Maghrib (Morocco) · Published 2017-11-20

    https://www.oc.gov.ma/Numeros%20urgence/Communique%20monnaies%20virtuelles%20VF%2020-11-2017.pdfAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [75] Morocco crypto draft law (2023)

    Projet de loi relative au marché des monnaies virtuelles

    Bank Al-Maghrib (Moroccan central bank) · Published 2023-01-02

    https://www.bkam.ma/Presse/Communiques-de-presseAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [76] Egypt CBE crypto warning (2018)

    Warning Against Dealing in Virtual Currencies / Cryptocurrencies

    Central Bank of Egypt (CBE) · Published 2018-02-08

    https://www.cbe.org.eg/en/media-center/newsAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [77] Egypt CBE law (2020)

    Central Bank and Banking Sector Law No. 194 of 2020 — Prohibition on Virtual Currencies

    Central Bank of Egypt · Published 2020-09-16

    https://www.cbe.org.eg/en/laws-and-regulationsAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [78] Ghana BoG crypto caution (2022)

    Public Notice — Caution to the General Public on the Use of Virtual Assets

    Bank of Ghana · Published 2022-10-04

    https://www.bog.gov.gh/monetary-policy/notices/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [79] Malaysia SC crypto guidelines (2019)

    Guidelines on Recognized Markets — Digital Asset Exchange Framework

    Securities Commission Malaysia · Published 2019-01-15

    https://www.sc.com.my/regulation/guidelines/guidelines-on-recognized-marketsAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [80] Malaysia SC AML/CFT for DAX (2020)

    Guidelines on Anti-Money Laundering, Counter Financing of Terrorism and Counter Proliferation Financing for Digital Asset Service Providers

    Securities Commission Malaysia · Published 2020-01-20

    https://www.sc.com.my/regulation/guidelines/guidelines-on-anti-money-laundering-counter-financing-of-terrorismAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [81] Cambodia Serey Chea crypto warning (2022)

    Press Release on Unlicensed Cryptocurrency Activities

    National Bank of Cambodia (NBC) · Published 2022-06-30

    https://www.nbc.org.kh/english/news-and-events/announcementsAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [83] Germany BaFin crypto custody (2020)

    Application of the German Banking Act (KWG) to Crypto Custody Business — Guidance Notice

    BaFin (Federal Financial Supervisory Authority, Germany) · Published 2020-03-02

    https://www.bafin.de/SharedDocs/Veroeffentlichungen/EN/Merkblatt/bl_190320_kryptoverwahrung_geschaeft_en.htmlAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [84] Germany Federal Gazette tax (BMK 2022)

    BMK Information — Income Tax Treatment of Private Sales Transactions with Crypto Currencies

    Bundesministerium der Finanzen (German Federal Ministry of Finance) · Published 2022-05-09

    https://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/Content/DE/FAQ/kryptowaehrungen.htmlAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [85] France PACTE law (2019)

    Loi n° 2019-486 du 22 mai 2019 relative à la croissance et la transformation des entreprises (PACTE)

    Assemblée Nationale / République Française · Published 2019-05-22

    https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000038496102Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [86] France AMF PSAN regime (2021)

    Règlement Général de l’AMF — Livre VII: Prestataires de Services sur Actifs Numériques (PSAN)

    Autorité des marchés financiers (AMF, France) · Published 2021-04-26

    https://www.amf-france.org/fr/reglementation/epargne-et-protection-des-investisseurs/prestataires-sur-actifs-numeriques-psanAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [87] Italy OAM VASP registry (2022)

    Decreto Legge 18 maggio 2022, n. 51 — Registro degli Operatori Virtual Asset Service Provider

    Governo Italiano / Organismo Agenti e Mediatori (OAM) · Published 2022-06-23

    https://www.organismo-am.it/it/operatori-vasp.aspxAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [88] Italy crypto tax reform (2023)

    Legge 197/2022 (Legge di Bilancio 2023) — Tassazione delle attività digitali

    Governo Italiano · Published 2022-12-30

    https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:2022-12-29;197Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [89] Spain CNV VASP registry (2021)

    Circular 1/2021 — Obligations of Virtual Currency Exchange Service Providers

    Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores (CNV, Spain) · Published 2021-02-10

    https://www.cnmv.es/portal/legislacion/normativa.aspxAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [90] Spain Cripto-Comunicación AEAT (2024)

    Modelo 721 — Declaración informativa de monedas virtuales

    Agencia Tributaria (AEAT, Spain) · Published 2024-01-03

    https://www.agenciatributaria.es/AEAT.internet/Inicio/Ayuda/Modelos_721.shtmlAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [91] Netherlands DNB registration (2020)

    Registration of Crypto Service Providers under the Dutch Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorist Financing Act (Wwft)

    De Nederlandsche Bank (DNB) · Published 2020-05-21

    https://www.dnb.nl/en/general-news/dnbulletin-2020/dnb-monitors-compliance-of-crypto-service-providers-with-anti-money-laundering-and-counter-terrorist-financing-act/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [92] Poland KAS crypto tax guidance (2021)

    Informacja KAS — Podatek dochodowy od przychodów z kryptowalut

    Krajowa Administracja Skarbowa (KAS, Poland) · Published 2021-04-15

    https://www.podatki.gov.pl/cit/zakres-podmiotowy-cit/kryptowaluty/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [93] Romania crypto AML law (2020)

    Legea 129/2019 pentru prevenirea și combaterea spălării banilor — art. 13^2 (crypto)

    Parlamentul României / ANSJV · Published 2020-01-20

    https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/222482Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [94] Portugal crypto tax reform (2023)

    Lei n.º 24/2023 — Quadro fiscal dos ativos digitais

    Assembleia da República (Portugal) · Published 2023-06-25

    https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/detalhe/lei/24-2023-06-26Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [95] Sweden Finansinspektionen crypto (2020)

    Crypto-Asset Service Providers Under the Swedish AML Act — Registration Requirements

    Finansinspektionen (Sweden) · Published 2020-08-28

    https://www.fi.se/en/regulation/crypto-asset-service-providers/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [96] Norway Finanstilsynet crypto AML (2018)

    Regulation on Virtual Currency Service Providers under the AML Act

    Finanstilsynet (Financial Supervisory Authority of Norway) · Published 2018-11-30

    https://www.finanstilsynet.no/en/legislation/anti-money-laundering/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [97] Denmark FSA crypto guidance (2019)

    Guidance on the Registration of Crypto-Asset Service Providers

    Finanstilsynet (Danish FSA) · Published 2019-09-12

    https://www.finanstilsynet.dk/en/News-and-press-releases/Press-releases/2019/Crypto-companies-must-register-with-the-Danish-FSA/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [98] Ireland CBI crypto guidance (2021)

    Guidance on the Registration of Virtual Asset Service Providers Under the CJA 2010

    Central Bank of Ireland (CBI) · Published 2021-11-09

    https://www.centralbank.ie/news/article/faq-virtual-asset-service-providersAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [99] Austria FMA crypto regime (2020)

    Registration of Crypto-Asset Service Providers Under the Austrian AML Act (FM-GwG)

    Finanzmarktaufsicht (FMA, Austria) · Published 2020-01-10

    https://www.fma.gv.at/en/news-corner/news/news-details/news/crypto-service-providers-now-have-to-register-with-fma/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [100] Belgium FSMA crypto classification (2022)

    Communication FSMA_2022_07 — Status of Crypto Instruments

    Financial Services and Markets Authority (FSMA, Belgium) · Published 2022-07-04

    https://www.fsma.be/en/news/fsma-clarifies-legal-status-crypto-instrumentsAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [101] Czechia crypto AML act (2021)

    Act No. 253/2008 Coll. — Amendment on Virtual Currency Providers (AML)

    Parliament of the Czech Republic / Financial Analytical Office (FAO) · Published 2021-07-01

    https://www.mfcr.cz/en/financial-sector/regulation-and-supervision-of-cfn/anti-money-launderingAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [102] NZ FMA crypto guidance (2021)

    Information Hub — Crypto-Assets and the Financial Markets Conduct Act

    Financial Markets Authority of New Zealand (FMA) · Published 2021-10-13

    https://www.fma.govt.nz/business/crypto-assets/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [103] NZ IRD crypto tax (2021)

    Cryptocurrency — Income Tax Treatment Guidance

    Inland Revenue Department (IRD, New Zealand) · Published 2021-08-30

    https://www.taxtechnical.ird.govt.nz/questions-answers/crypto-terms/cryptoAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [104] Bangladesh crypto ban (2014)

    BCFD Circular — Caution Against the Use of Virtual Currencies

    Bangladesh Bank / Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit · Published 2014-09-22

    https://www.bb.org.bd/mediaroom/circulars/foreign Exchange/index.phpAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [105] Sri Lanka crypto ban (2018)

    Press Release — Virtual Currencies Are Not Regulated in Sri Lanka

    Central Bank of Sri Lanka (CBSL) · Published 2018-02-15

    https://www.cbsl.gov.lk/en/news/press-releases-and-special-noticesAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [106] Kazakhstan crypto law (2023)

    Law on Digital Assets in the Republic of Kazakhstan — No. 233-VII

    Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan · Published 2023-04-05

    https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P2300000233VIIAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [107] Kuwait crypto ban (2023)

    Ban on the Use of Virtual Assets — Coordination Committee of Financial Regulators

    Central Bank of Kuwait, Capital Markets Authority, Ministry of Commerce · Published 2023-07-18

    https://www.cbk.gov.kz/en/newsAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [108] Qatar crypto ban (2020)

    QFCRA Rules — Prohibition on Virtual Asset Services

    Qatar Financial Centre Regulatory Authority (QFCRA) · Published 2020-03-04

    https://www.qfcra.com/newsAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [109] Bahrain crypto module rules (2019)

    Module on Crypto-asset Services — Crypto-Assets Module Rulebook

    Central Bank of Bahrain (CBB) · Published 2019-12-02

    https://www.cbb.gov.bh/page-p1245-en.htmlAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [110] Chile crypto AML law (2023)

    Ley 21.521 — Incorpora a los Proveedores de Servicios de Activos Virtuales como sujetos obligados

    Congreso de Chile / Unidad de Análisis Financiero (UAF) · Published 2023-08-02

    https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=1182770Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [111] Peru crypto framework draft (2023)

    Decreto Legislativo 1626 — Marco Normativo para los Activos Digitales y los Servicios de Custodia

    Congreso de la República del Perú · Published 2023-12-30

    https://www.gob.pe/institucion/congresoAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [112] Ethiopia NBE crypto restriction (2022)

    Directive on Prohibition of Virtual Currency Transactions

    National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) · Published 2022-05-10

    https://www.nbebank.com/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [113] Tanzania BoT crypto warning (2019)

    Public Notice on the Use of Virtual Currencies in Tanzania

    Bank of Tanzania (BoT) · Published 2019-11-12

    https://www.bot.go.tz/web/guest/newsAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [114] Uruguay crypto tax guidance (2023)

    Resolución DGI 2.464/2023 — Criterios Tributarios sobre Activos Cripto

    Dirección General Impositiva (DGI, Uruguay) · Published 2023-08-21

    https://www.gde.gub.uy/dgi/resoluciones/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [115] Hungary crypto AML registration (2021)

    Act LIII of 2017 on the Prevention and Combating of Money Laundering — Crypto Service Provider Registration

    Magyar Nemzeti Bank (MNB, Hungary) · Published 2021-04-30

    https://mnb.hu/letoltes/iranyelv-aml-virtual.pdfAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [116] Slovakia NBS crypto guidance (2018)

    Národný bankový slovenský — Cryptocurrencies and the Slovensko AML Act

    Národná banka Slovenska (NBS) · Published 2018-05-22

    https://www.nbs.sk/en/articles/news/the-national-bank-of-slovakia-warns-about-risks-of-virtual-currencies/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [117] Slovenia Financial Stability (2022)

    Slovenia — Stablecoins and Crypto-Asset Service Providers: Policy Approach

    Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Slovenia · Published 2022-09-19

    https://www.gov.si/en/news/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [118] Croatia crypto AML (2020)

    Law on the Prevention of Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing — Crypto Providers (Croatia)

    Hrvatska narodna banka / Ministarstvo financija (Croatia) · Published 2020-12-31

    https://www.hnb.hr/en/legislation/anti-money-laundering-and-counter-terrorist-financingAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [119] Greece BoG VASP registry (2020)

    Governor’s Act 8989/2020 — Registration of Virtual Asset Service Providers

    Bank of Greece (BoG) · Published 2020-11-20

    https://www.bankofgreece.gr/en/news-and-media/announcementsAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [120] Luxembourg CSSF crypto (2018)

    CSSF Circular 18/642 — Clarifications on Virtual Currencies and Issuances

    Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF, Luxembourg) · Published 2018-03-13

    https://www.cssf.lu/en/regulation/cssf-circulars/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [121] Finland FIN-FSA crypto (2019)

    Registration of Virtual Currency Service Providers Under the Finnish AML Act

    Financial Supervisory Authority of Finland (FIN-FSA) · Published 2019-05-01

    https://www.finanssivalvonta.fi/en/regulation/guidelines-and-regulations/virtual-currency-providers/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [122] Malta VFA Act (2018)

    Virtual Financial Assets Act (VFA Act, Malta) — Chapter 590

    Parliament of Malta / MFSA · Published 2018-11-01

    https://mfsa.malta/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/VFA-Act.pdfAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [123] Iceland crypto AML (2020)

    Act on Measures against Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing — Virtual Asset Providers

    Fjármálaeftirlitið (FME, Iceland) · Published 2020-01-01

    https://www.fme.is/en/laws-and-rules/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [124] Liechtenstein Blockchain Act (2020)

    Tokens and TT Services Providers Act (TVTG) — Blockchain Act

    Government of the Principality of Liechtenstein · Published 2020-01-01

    https://www.gesetze.li/konso/suche/?search=tv&show=1900.4Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [125] Mongolia crypto law (2020)

    Law on the Regulation of Digital Financial Assets and Exchanges (Mongolia)

    State Great Khural (Mongolian Parliament) · Published 2020-12-17

    https://www.legalinfo.mn/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [126] Taiwan FSC crypto regulation (2021)

    Directions for the Operation of Anti-Money Laundering for Virtual Currency Platforms

    Financial Supervisory Commission (FSC, Taiwan) · Published 2021-07-01

    https://www.fsc.gov.tw/ch/home.jsp?id=96Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [127] Uzbekistan crypto decree (2022)

    Presidential Decree UP-153 — On Measures to Develop the National System of Crypto-Asset Circulation

    President of the Republic of Uzbekistan · Published 2022-04-22

    https://lex.uz/docs/5985664Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [128] Kyrgyzstan crypto law (2021)

    Law on Virtual Assets of the Kyrgyz Republic — Exchange and Mining Regulation

    Jogorku Kengesh of the Kyrgyz Republic · Published 2021-07-30

    http://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/2068096/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [129] Georgia crypto law (2022)

    Draft Law on the Regulation of Virtual Asset Service Providers — Public Consultation

    National Bank of Georgia (NBG) · Published 2022-05-20

    https://nbg.gov.ge/en/page/virtual-assetsAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [130] Jamaica BOJ digital exchange (2023)

    Bank of Jamaica Approves Trinidad-based Exchange as First Licensed Digital Asset Operator

    Bank of Jamaica (BOJ) · Published 2023-02-15

    https://boj.org.jm/news/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [131] Cuba crypto resolution (2021)

    Resolución 215/2021 — Reconocimiento del uso de activos virtuales en transacciones

    Banco Central de Cuba (BCC) · Published 2021-08-26

    https://www.gacetaoficial.gob.cu/es/numero-extraordinario-59-especial-de-2021Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [132] Dominican Republic crypto law (2024)

    Ley de Integración y Protección a las Tecnologías Financieras — Digital Assets

    Congreso de la República Dominicana · Published 2024-05-21

    https://www.mirex.gob.do/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [133] Bolivia crypto ban (2014)

    Resolución 044/2014 — Prohibición del uso de monedas virtuales como medio de pago

    Autoridad de Supervisión del Sistema Financiero (ASFI, Bolivia) · Published 2014-11-20

    https://www.asfi.gob.bo/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [134] Bolivia crypto ban lift (2024)

    Resolución 072/2024 — Autorización de comercialización de activos cripto

    Autoridad de Supervisión del Sistema Financiero (ASFI, Bolivia) · Published 2024-06-28

    https://www.asfi.gob.bo/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [135] Ecuador crypto ban (2014)

    Ley Orgánica de Moneda — Prohibición de Monedas Virtuales Privadas

    Asamblea Nacional del Ecuador · Published 2014-05-22

    https://www.asambleanacional.gob.ec/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [136] Paraguay crypto mining law (2023)

    Decreto 7933/2023 — Reglamentación de la Actividad de Minería de Activos Digitales

    Presidencia de la República del Paraguay · Published 2023-12-05

    https://www.presidencia.gov.py/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [137] Uganda crypto AML law (2023)

    Anti-Money Laundering (Amendment) Act — Virtual Asset Service Providers

    Parliament of Uganda / Financial Intelligence Authority · Published 2023-05-04

    https://fia.go.ug/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [138] Tunisia crypto warning (2018)

    Avis de la Banque Centrale de Tunisie sur les monnaies virtuelles

    Banque Centrale de Tunisie (BCT) · Published 2018-10-18

    https://www.bct.gov.tn/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [139] Algeria crypto ban (2018)

    Loi 18-05 — Code des Postes et Télécommunications: interdiction des monnaies virtuelles

    Assemblée Populaire Nationale (Algeria) · Published 2018-05-10

    https://www.joradp.dz/JO2018/2018-027.pdfAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [143] DOJ — Bitfinex hack charges (2022)

    Department of Justice Charges Couple in Conspiracy to Launder Cryptocurrency Stolen from Bitfinex (2016 Hack)

    U.S. Department of Justice · Published 2022-02-08

    https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/couple-arrested-alleged-conspiracy-launder-45-billion-stolen-cryptocurrencyAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [144] DOJ — BitConnect indictment (2022)

    BitConnect Founder Indicted in Global $2.4 Billion Cryptocurrency Scheme

    U.S. Department of Justice · Published 2022-02-25

    https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/pr/bitconnect-founder-indicted-global-24-billion-cryptocurrency-schemeAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [145] DOJ — OneCoin/Ruja Ignatova (2022)

    FBI Adds “Cryptoqueen” Ruja Ignatova to Ten Most Wanted Fugitives List

    U.S. Department of Justice / Federal Bureau of Investigation · Published 2022-06-30

    https://www.fbi.gov/news/press-releases/press-releases/fbi-adds-cryptoqueen-ruja-ignatova-to-ten-most-wanted-fugitives-listAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [146] QuadrigaCX — Osborne report (2020)

    Fourth Report of the Monitor, Ernst & Young Inc., in the CCAA Proceedings of Quadriga Fintech Solutions Corp. et al.

    Ernst & Young (Court-appointed Monitor), Supreme Court of Nova Scotia · Published 2020-01-31

    https://www.creditorsgroupquadriga.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Quadriga-Fourth-Report-of-the-Monitor.pdfAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [149] OFAC — Garantex designation (2022)

    Treasury Sanctions Russia-Based Hydra and Garantex Virtual Currency Exchanges

    U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control · Published 2022-04-05

    https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent_actions/20220405_33.pdfAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [153] Coincheck — FSA administrative order (2018)

    FSA Administrative Order against Coincheck Inc. Following the NEM Theft

    Financial Services Agency, Japan · Published 2018-01-29

    https://www.fsa.go.jp/en/news/2018/20180129.htmlAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [154] Terra/Luna — SEC charges (2023)

    SEC Charges Terraform Labs and Do Kwon with Defrauding Investors in Crypto Schemes

    U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission · Published 2023-02-16

    https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2023-32Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [155] Celsius — bankruptcy & SEC (2023)

    Celsius Network — Chapter 11 Filing and SEC Charges Against Founder Alex Mashinsky

    U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission / SDNY bankruptcy court · Published 2023-07-13

    https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2023-135Accessed 2026-07-27

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    FBI DPRK Lazarus Group Actors Identified as Responsible for $1.46 Billion Cryptocurrency Theft (Bybit)

    Federal Bureau of Investigation / Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) · Published 2025-02-27

    https://www.ic3.gov/Media/Y2025/PSA027Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [157] Japan NPA — DMM Bitcoin attribution (2024)

    FBI, DC3, and NPA attribute DMM Bitcoin theft to DPRK (TraderTraitor)

    Federal Bureau of Investigation / National Police Agency of Japan · Published 2024-12-23

    https://www.fbi.gov/news/press-releases/fbi-dc3-and-npa-identification-of-north-korean-cyber-actors-tracked-as-tradertraitor-responsible-for-theft-of-308-million-from-bitcoindmmcomAccessed 2026-09-01

  • [165] DOJ — Avi Eisenberg conviction (2024)

    Avraham Eisenberg Convicted of Commodities Fraud and Manipulation for $110M Mango Markets Exploit

    U.S. Department of Justice, Southern District of New York · Published 2024-04-18

    https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/press-release/file/1599561/downloadAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [166] Coinbase — customer data breach (2025)

    Coinbase 8-K Disclosure — Customer Data Breach via Bribed Support Agents

    Coinbase Global, Inc. (SEC Form 8-K filing) · Published 2025-05-15

    https://www.coinbase.com/sec-filingsAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [177] NYAG — Tether settlement (2021)

    Virtual Markets & Crypto Assets — Tether/Bitfinex Settlement

    New York Attorney General · Published 2021-02-23

    https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2021/attorney-general-james-ends-virtual-currency-trading-platform-bitfinexs-illegalAccessed 2026-08-03

  • [178] CFTC — Tether order (2021)

    CFTC Orders Tether to Pay $41M for Misleading Statements

    US Commodity Futures Trading Commission · Published 2021-10-15

    https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/8450-21Accessed 2026-08-03

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    SEC Charges Terraform Labs and Do Hyeong Kwon with Defrauding Investors

    US Securities and Exchange Commission · Published 2023-02-16

    https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2023-78Accessed 2026-08-03

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    SDNY Unseals Indictment of Samuel Bankman-Fried

    US Department of Justice, Southern District of New York · Published 2022-12-13

    https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/us-attorney-unseals-indictment-ftx-founder-samuel-bankman-friedAccessed 2026-08-03

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    Report of Investigation Pursuant to Section 21(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934: The DAO

    US Securities and Exchange Commission · Published 2017-07-25

    https://www.sec.gov/litigation/investreport/34-81207.pdfAccessed 2026-08-03

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    SEC v. W.J. Howey Co., 328 U.S. 293 (1946) — the "Howey test"

    US Supreme Court · Published 1946-05-27

    https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/328/293/Accessed 2026-08-03

  • [205] OFAC — Tornado Cash sanctions (2022)

    U.S. Treasury Sanctions Tornado Cash Virtual Currency Mixer

    US Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control · Published 2022-08-08

    https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy0916Accessed 2026-08-03

  • [206] El Salvador — Bitcoin Law (2021)

    Ley Bitcoin — Decreto Legislativo No. 57

    Asamblea Legislativa de El Salvador · Published 2021-06-09

    https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/sites/default/files/documents/decretos/1AC27F7C-6D51-4A91-A386-AEFDFE97D39D.pdfAccessed 2026-08-03

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    Specially Designated Nationals — Tornado Cash Designation

    US Treasury OFAC · Published 2022-08-08

    https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20220808Accessed 2026-08-12

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    Frequently Asked Questions on Tornado Cash Sanctions

    US Treasury OFAC · Published 2022-08-08

    https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/financial-sanctions/faqs/1027Accessed 2026-08-12

  • [231] SUGEF Costa Rica (2018)

    Lineamientos para prevenir el lavado de dinero y financiamiento del terrorismo

    Costa Rica SUGEF · Published 2018-06-25

    https://www.sugef.cr/normativa/normativa-sugefAccessed 2026-08-12

  • [232] Panama Ley 70 (2024)

    Ley 70 de 2024 — Marco regulatorio de los activos virtuales

    Asamblea Nacional de Panamá · Published 2024-06-28

    https://www.gacetaoficial.gob.pa/Accessed 2026-08-12

  • [233] CySEC CASP regime (2022)

    Crypto-Asset Service Providers Register and AML/CFT Requirements

    Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission · Published 2022-04-07

    https://www.cysec.gov.cy/en-GB/legal-framework/dl-directive-casp/Accessed 2026-08-12

  • [234] Bank of Lithuania (2023)

    Supervision of Crypto-Asset Service Providers in Lithuania

    Lietuvos Bankas · Published 2023-01-18

    https://www.lb.lt/en/cryptoAccessed 2026-08-12

  • [235] Estonia Riigi Teataja (2022)

    Amendments to the AML Act regarding Virtual Currency Service Providers

    Estonian Ministry of Finance · Published 2022-03-10

    https://www.riigiteatajaeeluveeb.rt.ee/Accessed 2026-08-12

  • [236] Latvia FMA statement (2023)

    Statement on Virtual Asset Service Providers and AML Obligations

    Latvia Financial and Capital Market Commission (FKTK) · Published 2023-09-01

    https://www.fktk.lv/Accessed 2026-08-12

  • [237] Banque du Liban circular (2018)

    Circular on Virtual Currencies — Prevention of Money Laundering

    Banque du Liban · Published 2018-01-09

    https://www.bdl.gov.lb/Accessed 2026-08-12

  • [238] Jordan CBJ warning (2017)

    Public Warning on the Risks of Virtual Currencies

    Central Bank of Jordan · Published 2017-08-22

    https://www.cbj.gov.jo/Accessed 2026-08-12

  • [239] Oman CMA guidance (2022)

    Guidance on Virtual Assets and Related Activities

    Oman Capital Market Authority · Published 2022-10-31

    https://cma.gov.om/Accessed 2026-08-12

  • [240] Rwanda NBR position (2021)

    Notice on Cryptocurrency and Virtual Currencies

    National Bank of Rwanda · Published 2021-04-15

    https://www.bnr.rw/Accessed 2026-08-12

  • [241] BCEAO Côte d’Ivoire (2019)

    Communiqué sur les cryptomonnaies et les actifs virtuels

    Banque Centrale des États de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (BCEAO) · Published 2019-04-11

    https://www.bceao.int/Accessed 2026-08-12

  • [242] Nepal Rastra Bank (2017)

    Notice on Bitcoin and Other Virtual Currencies

    Nepal Rastra Bank · Published 2017-08-13

    https://www.nrb.org.np/Accessed 2026-08-12

  • [247] SCB — The Bahamas’ approach to digital assets (2023)

    The Bahamas’ Approach to the Regulation of Digital Asset Businesses

    Securities Commission of The Bahamas · Published 2023

    https://www.scb.gov.bs/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/The-Bahamas-Approach-to-the-Regulation-of-Digital-Asset-Businesses.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [248] Bermuda Digital Asset Business Act (2018)

    Digital Asset Business Act 2018

    Bermuda Monetary Authority (consolidated text) · Published 2018

    https://cdn.bma.bm/documents/2025-06-09-11-42-33-Digital-Asset-Business-Act-2018.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [249] Cayman VASP Act (2020)

    Virtual Asset (Service Providers) Act (Law 14 of 2020), 2024 Revision

    Cayman Islands Government · Published 2020-05-20

    https://legislation.gov.ky/cms/images/LEGISLATION/PRINCIPAL/2020/2020-0014/2020-0014_2024%20Revision.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [250] BVI VASP Act (2022)

    Virtual Assets Service Providers Act, 2022 (No. 17 of 2022)

    Government of the Virgin Islands (text hosted by the BVI Financial Services Commission) · Published 2022-12-29

    https://www.bvifsc.vg/sites/default/files/virtual_assets_service_providers_act_2022.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [251] Trinidad and Tobago VA and VASP Act (2025)

    Virtual Assets and Virtual Asset Service Providers Act, 2025 (Act No. 12 of 2025)

    Parliament of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago · Published 2025-12-23

    https://www.ttparliament.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/a2025-12g.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [252] FSC Barbados — VASP framework consultation (2026)

    Consultation Paper: Development of a Virtual Assets and Virtual Assets Service Provider (VASP) Framework

    Financial Services Commission (Barbados) · Published 2026-04-12

    https://www.fsc.gov.bb/viewPDF/documents/2026-04-13-21-32-19-VASP-Consultation-Paper.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [255] CNBS — crypto prohibition clarification (2024)

    Comunicado – Aclaración de Prohibición en el uso de Criptomonedas

    Comisión Nacional de Bancos y Seguros (CNBS), Honduras · Published 2024

    https://www.cnbs.gob.hn/comunicado-aclaracion-de-prohibicion-en-el-uso-de-criptomonedas/Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [256] BCN — PSP and VASP licensing rule (2025)

    Norma de los Proveedores de Tecnología Financiera de Servicios de Pago y de los Proveedores de Servicios de Activos Virtuales (Resolución CDMF-XIII-2-251)

    Banco Central de Nicaragua, Consejo Directivo Monetario y Financiero · Published 2025-04-23

    https://www.bcn.gob.ni/sites/default/files/normas_disposiciones/CD_Norma_Proveedores_PSP_PSAV.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [257] Belize FSC — virtual asset restriction notice (2023)

    Public Notice: Restriction on Virtual Asset Activities (FSC/2/PN/012)

    Financial Services Commission (Belize) · Published 2023-05-25

    https://www.belizefsc.org.bz/restriction-on-virtual-asset-activities-fsc-2-pn-012/Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [264] Belarus Decree No. 8 (2017)

    Decree No. 8 of 21 December 2017 “On the Development of the Digital Economy”

    President of the Republic of Belarus (National Legal Internet Portal) · Published 2017-12-21

    https://pravo.by/document/?guid=12551&p0=Pd1700008Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [266] Serbia Law on Digital Assets (2020)

    Law on Digital Assets (Zakon o digitalnoj imovini), Official Gazette RS No. 153/2020

    National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia (English text by the National Bank of Serbia) · Published 2020-12-21

    https://www.nbs.rs/export/sites/NBS_site/documents-eng/propisi/zakoni/digitalna_imovina_e.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [271] Kosovo Law on Crypto-Assets (2024)

    Law No. 08/L-295 on Crypto-Assets

    Assembly of the Republic of Kosovo (Official Gazette No. 21/2024) · Published 2024-11-22

    https://gzk.rks-gov.net/ActDetail.aspx?ActID=99185Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [272] Bulgaria Markets in Crypto-Assets Act (2025)

    Markets in Crypto-Assets Act (Zakon za pazarite na kriptoaktivi), State Gazette No. 54/2025

    National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria · Published 2025-07-04

    https://dv.parliament.bg/DVWeb/showMaterialDV.jsp?idMat=235621Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [273] Andorra Law 24/2022 on digital assets

    Llei 24/2022, del 30 de juny, de la representació digital d’actius mitjançant l’ús de la criptografia i de la tecnologia de llibre registre distribuït i blockchain

    Consell General del Principat d’Andorra (BOPA No. 86) · Published 2022-07-20

    https://www.portaljuridicandorra.ad/L2022024_1Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [274] BCSM Crypto-Assets Regulation 2024-03

    Regolamento n. 2024-03 in materia di cripto-attività

    Central Bank of the Republic of San Marino (BCSM) · Published 2024-09-25

    https://145065641.fs1.hubspotusercontent-eu1.net/hubfs/145065641/Regolamenti/Regolamento%20n.%202024-03/Reg.2024-03.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [275] Monaco Law 1.528 on digital-asset providers (2022)

    Loi n° 1.528 du 7 juillet 2022 portant modification de diverses dispositions en matière de numérique et réglementation des activités des prestataires de services sur actifs numériques ou sur crypto-actifs

    Principality of Monaco (Journal de Monaco) · Published 2022-07-07

    https://legimonaco.mc/tnc/loi/2022/07-07-1.528/Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [276] Gibraltar DLT Providers Regulations (2017)

    Financial Services (Distributed Ledger Technology Providers) Regulations 2017 (LN 2017/204)

    HM Government of Gibraltar · Published 2017-10-12

    Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [277] IOMFSA — virtual currency AML/CFT guidance (2016)

    Virtual Currency Business: Sector Specific AML/CFT Guidance Notes

    Isle of Man Financial Services Authority · Published 2016

    https://www.iomfsa.im/media/1606/virtualcurrencyguidance.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [278] Proceeds of Crime (Jersey) Law 1999 (VASPs)

    Proceeds of Crime (Jersey) Law 1999, Schedule 2 Part 4 (virtual asset service providers), consolidated to 2 July 2025

    Jersey Legal Information Board · Published 2025-07-02

    https://www.jerseylaw.je/laws/current/l_8_1999Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [279] GFSC — Lending, Credit and Finance Law (2022)

    Lending, Credit and Finance (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Law, 2022: sector page

    Guernsey Financial Services Commission · Published 2022

    https://www.gfsc.gg/industry-sectors/lending-credit-and-financeAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [281] Seychelles VASP Act (2024)

    Virtual Asset Service Providers Act, 2024 (Act 12 of 2024): legal framework

    Financial Services Authority Seychelles · Published 2024-08-30

    https://fsaseychelles.sc/vasp/legal-frameworkAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [282] FSC Mauritius — VAITOS Act in force (2022)

    Communiqué – Proclamation of the Virtual Asset and Initial Token Offering Services Act 2021

    Financial Services Commission, Mauritius · Published 2022-02-09

    https://www.fscmauritius.org/media/119931/communique-proclamation-of-the-virtual-asset-and-initial-token-offering-services-act-2021.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [287] Namibia Virtual Assets Act (2023)

    Virtual Assets Act, 2023 (Act No. 10 of 2023)

    Parliament of Namibia (Government Gazette No. 8143) · Published 2023-07-21

    https://namiblii.org/akn/na/act/2023/10/eng@2023-07-21Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [289] RBZ — circular on virtual currencies (2018)

    Circular to Banking Institutions No. 2/2018: Virtual Currencies

    Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe · Published 2018-05-11

    https://www.rbz.co.zw/documents/publications/circulars/circular-to-banking-institutions----operations-of-cryptocurrency-exchanges-----11-may-2019.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [297] Mali AML/CFT ordinance (2024)

    Ordonnance n°2024-011/PT-RM du 30 août 2024 portant lutte contre le blanchiment de capitaux, le financement du terrorisme et de la prolifération des armes de destruction massive

    Journal officiel de la République du Mali · Published 2024-09-02

    https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2024/mali-jo-2024-17-sp.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [299] Burkina Faso AML/CFT law (2024)

    Loi n°046-2024/ALT relative à la lutte contre le blanchiment de capitaux, le financement du terrorisme et de la prolifération des armes de destruction massive au Burkina Faso

    Assemblée législative de transition (Burkina Faso) · Published 2024-12-30

    https://www.assembleenationale.bf/storage/Loi/5gdWLXmseI0Hv9aEvFlCEAPlUAgQkUyE5HIjv9QL.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [300] UMOA uniform AML/CFT law (2023)

    Loi uniforme relative à la lutte contre le blanchiment de capitaux, le financement du terrorisme et de la prolifération des armes de destruction massive dans les États membres de l’UMOA

    BCEAO (Council of Ministers of the UMOA) · Published 2023-03-31

    https://www.bceao.int/sites/default/files/2025-02/Loi-uniforme-LBCFTFP-Mars-2023-vf.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [301] Benin AML/CFT law (2024)

    Loi n°2024-01 du 20 février 2024 relative à la lutte contre le blanchiment de capitaux, le financement du terrorisme et de la prolifération des armes de destruction massive en République du Bénin

    Assemblée nationale du Bénin · Published 2024-02-20

    https://documentation-anbenin.org/files/original/2747/loi-2024-01.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [302] CBM — announcement on cryptocurrency (2019)

    Announcement on cryptocurrency

    Central Bank of Myanmar · Published 2019-05-03

    https://www.cbm.gov.mm/content/3901Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [305] RMA — regulatory stance on crypto (2025)

    RMA’s Regulatory Stance on Crypto Currency

    Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan · Published 2025-04-30

    https://www.rma.org.bt/view_news/106/Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [318] Marshall Islands Sovereign Currency Act (2018)

    Declaration and Issuance of the Sovereign Currency Act 2018 (P.L. 2018-53)

    Nitijela of the Republic of the Marshall Islands · Published 2018-02-26

    https://rmiparliament.org/cms/images/LEGISLATION/PRINCIPAL/2018/2018-0053/2018-0053_1.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [322] Executive Order 14312 — Syria sanctions revoked (2025)

    Executive Order 14312—Providing for the Revocation of Syria Sanctions

    The White House (GovInfo) · Published 2025-06-30

    https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/DCPD-202500725Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [335] DOJ — Tornado Cash developer charges (2023)

    Founder of Cryptocurrency Mixing Service Charged with Money Laundering (Roman Storm)

    U.S. Department of Justice, Southern District of New York · Published 2023-08-23

    https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/founder-cryptocurrency-mixing-service-charged-money-laundering-offenseAccessed 2026-08-27

  • [336] OFAC — Suex designation (2021)

    First OFAC Sanctions of a Virtual Currency Exchange — Suex OTC

    U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control · Published 2021-09-21

    https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent_actions/20210921_33.pdfAccessed 2026-08-27

  • [341] DOJ — BitClub Network (2019)

    Operators of BitClub Network Charged in $722 Million Cryptocurrency Fraud Scheme

    U.S. Department of Justice · Published 2019-12-10

    https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/two-promoters-plead-guilty-722-million-cryptocurrency-fraud-schemeAccessed 2026-08-27

  • [344] DOJ — HyperVerse/HyperFund (2024)

    Three Individuals Charged in $1.89 Billion Cryptocurrency Fraud Scheme (HyperVerse/HyperFund)

    U.S. Department of Justice · Published 2024-01-29

    https://www.justice.gov/usao-md/pr/three-individuals-charged-189-billion-cryptocurrency-fraud-schemeAccessed 2026-09-01

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    SEC Charges Crypto Entrepreneur Justin Sun and His Companies for Fraud and Other Securities Law Violations

    U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission · Published 2023-03-22

    https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2023-59Accessed 2026-08-27

  • [347] EO 14178 — Digital financial technology (2025)

    Executive Order 14178 — Strengthening American Leadership in Digital Financial Technology

    Federal Register (90 FR 8647) · Published 2025-01-31

    https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/01/31/2025-02123/strengthening-american-leadership-in-digital-financial-technologyAccessed 2026-09-01

  • [348] EO — Strategic Bitcoin Reserve (2025)

    Establishment of the Strategic Bitcoin Reserve and United States Digital Asset Stockpile

    Federal Register (90 FR 11789) · Published 2025-03-11

    https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/03/11/2025-03992/establishment-of-the-strategic-bitcoin-reserve-and-united-states-digital-asset-stockpileAccessed 2026-09-01

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    S.1582 (119th Congress) — Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins (GENIUS) Act, Enrolled Bill

    U.S. Government Publishing Office (govinfo.gov) · Published 2025-07-18

    https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/BILLS-119s1582enrAccessed 2026-09-01

  • [350] FIT21 — H.R. 4763 (2024)

    H.R. 4763 (118th Congress) — Financial Innovation and Technology for the 21st Century Act, Engrossed in House

    U.S. Government Publishing Office (govinfo.gov) · Published 2024-05-22

    https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/BILLS-118hr4763ehAccessed 2026-09-01

  • [352] E.O. 13846 — Iran sanctions (2018)

    Executive Order 13846 — Reimposing Certain Sanctions With Respect to Iran

    Federal Register / U.S. Government Publishing Office (govinfo.gov) · Published 2018-08-07

    https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2018-08-07/html/2018-17068.htmAccessed 2026-09-01

  • [353] E.O. 14312 — Syria sanctions revocation (2025)

    Executive Order 14312 — Providing for the Revocation of Syria Sanctions

    Federal Register (90 FR 29395) · Published 2025-07-03

    https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/07/03/2025-12506/providing-for-the-revocation-of-syria-sanctionsAccessed 2026-09-01

  • [354] AMLR — Regulation (EU) 2024/1624

    Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 on the Prevention of the Use of the Financial System for the Purposes of Money Laundering or Terrorist Financing (AMLR)

    European Parliament and Council of the EU · Published 2024-05-31

    https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1624/ojAccessed 2026-09-01

  • [370] EU AI Act — Regulation (EU) 2024/1689

    Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 Laying Down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence (AI Act)

    European Parliament and Council of the EU · Published 2024-07-12

    https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/ojAccessed 2026-09-06

  • [377] BMF — crypto income tax letter (2025)

    Income tax treatment of crypto assets (BMF letter of 6 March 2025, replacing 10 May 2022)

    Bundesministerium der Finanzen (German Federal Ministry of Finance) · Published 2025-03-06

    https://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/Content/DE/Downloads/BMF_Schreiben/Steuerarten/Einkommensteuer/2025-03-06-einzelfragen-kryptowerte-bmf-schreiben.pdfAccessed 2026-09-30

  • [379] CBDT — Section 115BBH

    Section 115BBH: tax on income from the transfer of virtual digital assets

    Income Tax Department, Government of India

    https://www.incometaxindia.gov.in/w/section-115bbhAccessed 2026-09-30

  • [380] CBDT — TDS on VDA transfers (194S)

    TDS on payment for the transfer of virtual digital assets (VDAs)

    Income Tax Department, Government of India

    https://www.incometaxindia.gov.in/w/tds-on-payment-for-the-transfer-of-virtual-digital-assets-vdas-Accessed 2026-09-30

  • [444] SEC — Staff Statement on Meme Coins (2025)

    Staff Statement on Meme Coins

    U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Division of Corporation Finance · Published 2025-02-27

    https://www.sec.gov/newsroom/speeches-statements/staff-statement-meme-coinsAccessed 2026-10-02

  • [446] IMF — El Salvador staff-level agreement (2024)

    IMF Reaches Staff-Level Agreement with El Salvador on an Extended Fund Facility Arrangement (Press Release No. 24/485)

    International Monetary Fund · Published 2024-12-18

    https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2024/12/18/pr-24485-el-salvador-imf-reaches-staff-level-agreement-on-an-eff-arrangementAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [450] Directive (EU) 2018/843 — 5AMLD (2018)

    Directive (EU) 2018/843 amending Directive (EU) 2015/849 on the prevention of the use of the financial system for the purposes of money laundering or terrorist financing (Fifth Anti-Money Laundering Directive)

    European Parliament and Council of the EU · Published 2018-06-19

    https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2018/843/ojAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [451] UK SI 2019/1511 — MLR amendment (2019)

    The Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing (Amendment) Regulations 2019 (SI 2019/1511)

    UK Government (legislation.gov.uk) · Published 2019-12-19

    https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2019/1511/contents/madeAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [452] Canada SOR/2019-240 — PCMLTFA amendments (2019)

    Regulations Amending Certain Regulations Made Under the Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act, 2019 (SOR/2019-240)

    Canada Gazette, Part II · Published 2019-07-10

    https://gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2019/2019-07-10/html/sor-dors240-eng.htmlAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [455] SFC — VATP licensing regime circular (2023)

    Circular on implementation of new licensing regime for virtual asset trading platforms

    Securities and Futures Commission (Hong Kong) · Published 2023-05-31

    https://apps.sfc.hk/edistributionWeb/gateway/EN/circular/doc?refNo=23EC28Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [467] Bermuda Digital Asset Issuance Act (2020)

    Digital Asset Issuance Act 2020 (2020 : 18)

    Bermuda Monetary Authority (consolidated text) · Published 2020-03-19

    https://cdn.bma.bm/documents/2023-11-27-16-32-49-Digital-Asset-Issuance-Act-2020.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [468] BMA — stablecoin issuer guidance (2024)

    Digital Asset Business: Single Currency Pegged Stablecoins (SCPS) Guidance

    Bermuda Monetary Authority · Published 2024

    https://cdn.bma.bm/documents/2024-12-02-16-55-46-Digital-Asset-Business--Single-Currency-Pegged-Stablecoins-SCPS-Guidance.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [469] Bermuda Corporate Income Tax Act (2023)

    Corporate Income Tax Act 2023 (2023 : 35)

    Government of Bermuda (Bermuda Laws Online) · Published 2023-12-27

    https://www.bermudalaws.bm/Laws/Annual%20Law/Acts/2023/Corporate%20Income%20Tax%20Act%202023Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [474] CNBS Circular No. 003/2024 on virtual assets (2024)

    Circular CNBS No. 003/2024: Referente a activos virtuales (Resolución GEE No. 069/09-02-2024)

    Comisión Nacional de Bancos y Seguros (CNBS), Honduras · Published 2024-02-12

    https://circulares.cnbs.gob.hn/Archivo/Viewer/3611/003-2024%20REFERENTE%20ACTIVOS%20VIRTUALES.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [476] Nicaragua Law 1232 (2024)

    Ley No. 1232, Ley de Administración del Sistema Monetario y Financiero

    Asamblea Nacional de Nicaragua (text hosted by the Banco Central de Nicaragua) · Published 2024-12-27

    https://www.bcn.gob.ni/sites/default/files/marco_juridico_financiero/Ley_1232_Administraci%C3%B3n_del_Sistema_Monetario_Financiero.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [477] Belize digital asset services licensing regulations (2025)

    Financial Services Commission (Digital Asset Services Licensing) Regulations, 2025 (Statutory Instrument No. 162 of 2025)

    Financial Services Commission (Belize) · Published 2025-12-30

    https://www.belizefsc.org.bz/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/SI-No-162-of-2025-Financial-Services-Commission-Digital-Asset-Regs.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [478] Belize FSC (Amendment) Act (2026)

    Financial Services Commission (Amendment) Act, 2026 (Act No. 8 of 2026)

    National Assembly of Belize (text hosted by the Financial Services Commission) · Published 2026-05-13

    https://www.belizefsc.org.bz/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Act-No.-8-of-2026-FSC-Amendment-2026.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [481] Antigua and Barbuda Digital Assets Business Act (2020)

    Digital Assets Business Act, 2020 (No. 16 of 2020)

    Government of Antigua and Barbuda (text hosted by the Financial Services Regulatory Commission) · Published 2020-06-18

    https://www.fsrc.gov.ag/images/pdf/digital-assets/No.-16-of-2020-Digital-Assets-Business-Act-2020.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [484] St Kitts and Nevis Virtual Asset Act (2020)

    Virtual Asset Act, Cap. 21.29 (Act 1 of 2020), Revised Edition

    Law Commission of Saint Christopher and Nevis · Published 2020

    https://lawcommission.gov.kn/wp-content/documents/Revised-Acts-of-St-Kitts-and-Nevis/Revised-Acts-of-St-Kitts-and-Nevis-2020/Ch-21_29-Virtual-Asset-Act.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [485] Saint Lucia Virtual Asset Business Act (2022)

    Virtual Asset Business Act (No. 24 of 2022)

    Government of Saint Lucia (text hosted by the Financial Services Regulatory Authority) · Published 2022-12-15

    https://fsrastlucia.org/images/24_of_2022.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

Official statements & reports (110)

  • [5] PBOC e-CNY whitepaper (2021)

    Progress of Research & Development of E-CNY in China

    People's Bank of China Working Group on E-CNY R&D · Published 2021-07-16

    https://www.bis.org/review/r210716b.pdfAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [13] FedNow launch (2023)

    Federal Reserve Banks Launch FedNow Service

    Federal Reserve · Published 2023-07-20

    https://www.frbservices.org/news/fednow/2023/07/fednow-service-live.htmlAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [15] ECB digital euro preparation (2023)

    ECB Launches the Preparation Phase of the Digital Euro Project

    European Central Bank · Published 2023-11-01

    https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pr/date/2023/html/ecb.pr231101~d59124bea5.en.htmlAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [20] RBI e-Rupee press release (2022)

    Concept Note on Central Bank Digital Currency — The e-Rupee

    Reserve Bank of India · Published 2022-10-07

    https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationReportDetails.aspx?ID=1192Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [32] Nigeria eNaira launch (2021)

    eNaira — Launch of Africa’s First Central Bank Digital Currency

    Central Bank of Nigeria · Published 2021-10-25

    https://www.enaira.gov.ng/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [43] Bahamas Sand Dollar (2020)

    The Sand Dollar — Launch of the Central Bank Digital Currency of The Bahamas

    Central Bank of The Bahamas · Published 2020-10-20

    https://www.centralbankbahamas.com/viewpdf/file_manager/postings/Sand-Dollar-Fact-SheetAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [44] Sveriges Riksbank e-krona pilot (2020)

    The Riksbank’s E-Krona Pilot

    Sveriges Riksbank (Swedish central bank) · Published 2020-02-20

    https://www.riksbank.se/en-gb/press-and-published/notices-and-press-releases/press-releases/2020/the-riksbank-starts-testing-e-krona/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [47] BIS mBridge (2024)

    Project mBridge — Experimenting with a Multi-CBDC Platform for Cross-Border Payments

    Bank for International Settlements Innovation Hub · Published 2024-10-31

    https://www.bis.org/publ/othp75.htmAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [68] Venezuela Petro whitepaper (2018)

    Libro Blanco del Petro — Documento Tecnico

    Government of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela · Published 2018-02-20

    https://www.gob.ve/inicio/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [82] Cambodia Bakong CBDC (2020)

    Project Bakong — Cambodia’s Blockchain-Based Retail Payment System

    National Bank of Cambodia (in collaboration with Soramitsu) · Published 2020-10-28

    https://www.nbc.gov.kh/english/downloads/1555814262_ProjectBakongpdf.pdfAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [142] Ethereum Merge — PoS energy reduction

    Ethereum’s energy consumption after The Merge: from ~78 TWh/yr to ~0.01 TWh/yr

    Ethereum Foundation / CCAF · Published 2022-09-15

    https://ethereum.org/en/energy-consumption/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [179] Tether — Transparency

    Tether Transparency — Reserve Backing

    Tether Limited · Published 2024-06-30

    https://tether.to/en/transparency/Accessed 2026-08-03

  • [185] John Ray — FTX testimony (2022)

    Written Testimony of John J. Ray III, CEO of FTX, Before the House Financial Services Committee

    US House Financial Services Committee · Published 2022-12-13

    https://docs.house.gov/meetings/BA/BA00/20221213/115835/HHRG-117-BA00-Wstate-RayJ-20221213.pdfAccessed 2026-08-03

  • [187] Ethereum Foundation — DAO fork statement (2016)

    Hard Fork No. 3: TheDAO Soft-Fork / Hard-Fork

    Ethereum Foundation Blog · Published 2016-07-15

    https://blog.ethereum.org/2016/07/15/hard-fork-no-3-thedao-soft-fork-hard-forkAccessed 2026-08-03

  • [188] Ronin Network — breach postmortem (2022)

    Ronin Network Postmortem

    Sky Mavis / Ronin Network · Published 2022-03-29

    https://roninblockchain.substack.com/p/community-alert-ronin-validatorsAccessed 2026-08-03

  • [189] Wormhole — exploit report (2022)

    Wormhole Postmortem — Exploit Detailed

    Wormhole / Certus One · Published 2022-02-04

    https://wormhole.com/blog/wormhole-postmortem/Accessed 2026-08-03

  • [193] Ethereum — crowdsale results (2014)

    Ethereum Token Sale Stats and Launch Summary

    Ethereum Foundation · Published 2014-09-02

    https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/09/02/ethereum-sale-over/Accessed 2026-08-03

  • [198] Flashbots — MEV-Boost (2022)

    Flashbots: MEV-Boost and the Road to Proposer-Builder Separation

    Flashbots · Published 2022-09-15

    https://boost.flashbots.net/Accessed 2026-08-03

  • [207] UN — DPRK cyber report (2022)

    Report of the Panel of Experts Established Pursuant to Resolution 1718 (2006) — DPRK Cyberattacks

    United Nations Security Council · Published 2022-02-05

    https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sanctions/1718 panel_reportsAccessed 2026-08-03

  • [210] Ethereum Foundation — The Merge (2022)

    The Merge: Mainnet Ethereum Transition to Proof-of-Stake

    Ethereum Foundation · Published 2022-09-15

    https://blog.ethereum.org/2022/09/15/merge-mainnet-readyAccessed 2026-08-03

  • [211] Tether — March 2023 redemption report

    Tether Honours All Redemptions — $1.6B Processed in Days

    Tether Limited · Published 2023-03-13

    https://tether.to/en/tether-honors-all-redemptions/Accessed 2026-08-03

  • [212] Circle — USDC transparency

    USDC Transparency and Reserve Reports

    Circle Internet Financial · Published 2024-06-30

    https://www.circle.com/en/transparencyAccessed 2026-08-03

  • [215] MakerDAO — Black Thursday post-mortem (2020)

    The Dai Credit System on Black Thursday

    MakerDAO · Published 2020-04-24

    https://blog.makerdao.com/the-dai-credit-system-on-black-thursday/Accessed 2026-08-12

  • [217] bZx — post-mortem (2020)

    bZx Post-Mortem: Attacks on Margin Trading

    bZx Protocol · Published 2020-02-18

    https://bzx.network/blog/incident-reportAccessed 2026-08-12

  • [218] Beanstalk — post-mortem (2022)

    Beanstalk Post-Mortem

    Beanstalk Farms · Published 2022-04-18

    https://bean.money/docs/beanstalk-post-mortem.htmlAccessed 2026-08-12

  • [219] Euler — post-mortem (2023)

    Euler Finance: Post-Mortem Report

    Euler Finance · Published 2023-04-04

    https://github.com/euler-xyz/euler-sec/blob/main/assessments/public-reports/2023-04-04%20Euler%20Post-Mortem%20Report.pdfAccessed 2026-08-12

  • [224] Ethereum.org — Roadmap

    Ethereum Development Roadmap

    Ethereum.org · Published 2024-01-01

    https://ethereum.org/en/roadmap/Accessed 2026-08-12

  • [243] DOJ — Ulbricht arrest (2013)

    Man Behind Silk Road Website Is Arrested

    U.S. Department of Justice, U.S. Attorney’s Office (S.D.N.Y.) · Published 2013-10-02

    https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/man-behind-silk-road-website-arrestedAccessed 2026-08-20

  • [244] DOJ — Ulbricht sentencing (2015)

    Ross Ulbricht, A/K/A “Dread Pirate Roberts,” Sentenced In Manhattan Federal Court To Life In Prison For Creating And Operating The “Silk Road” Website

    U.S. Department of Justice, U.S. Attorney’s Office (S.D.N.Y.) · Published 2015-05-29

    https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/ross-ulbricht-aka-dread-pirate-roberts-sentenced-manhattan-federal-court-life-prisonAccessed 2026-08-20

  • [246] Trump pardons Ulbricht (2025)

    President Donald J. Trump pardons Ross Ulbricht, creator of the Silk Road

    The White House · Published 2025-01-21

    https://www.whitehouse.gov/Accessed 2026-08-20

  • [253] CFATF — Haiti follow-up report (2024)

    Anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing measures – Republic of Haiti, 4th Enhanced Follow-up Report & Technical Compliance Re-Rating

    Caribbean Financial Action Task Force (CFATF) · Published 2024

    https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/fsrb-fur/Haiti-cfatf-fur-2024.pdf.coredownload.inline.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [258] ECCB — Bitcoin ATM and investments not authorised (2022)

    Bitcoin ATM and Bitcoin Investments Not Authorised by Regulators in ECCU

    Eastern Caribbean Central Bank · Published 2022-03-28

    https://www.eccb-centralbank.org/news/bitcoin-atm-and-bitcoin-investments-not-authorised-by-regulators-in-eccuAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [259] ECCB — DCash launch in Dominica (2021)

    Eastern Caribbean Central Bank set to Launch DCash in the Commonwealth of Dominica and Montserrat

    Eastern Caribbean Central Bank · Published 2021-12-07

    https://www.eccb-centralbank.org/news/eastern-caribbean-central-bank-set-to-launch-dcash-in-the-commonwealth-of-dominica-and-montserratAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [260] ECCB — first DCash transaction (2021)

    First Digital EC Currency (DCash) Transaction Completed Successfully

    Eastern Caribbean Central Bank · Published 2021-02-18

    https://www.eccb-centralbank.org/news/first-digital-ec-currency-dcash-transaction-completed-successfullyAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [261] ECCB — DCash public launch (2021)

    ECCB Governor Announces DCash Public Launch

    Eastern Caribbean Central Bank · Published 2021-03-16

    https://www.eccb-centralbank.org/news/eccb-governor-announces-dcash-public-launchAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [262] ECCB — cryptocurrency risk advisory (2022)

    ADVISORY: ECCB Advises Public to be Mindful of Risks Associated with Cryptocurrencies

    Eastern Caribbean Central Bank · Published 2022-11-18

    https://www.eccb-centralbank.org/news/advisory-eccb-advises-public-to-be-mindful-of-risks-associated-with-cryptocurrenciesAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [263] ECCB — DCash launch in St Vincent (2021)

    ECCB Launches DCash in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

    Eastern Caribbean Central Bank · Published 2021-07-30

    https://www.eccb-centralbank.org/news/eccb-launches-dcash-in-saint-vincent-and-the-grenadinesAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [265] NBM — virtual currency position (2018)

    Clarificarea poziției de reglementare și autorizare a monedei virtuale

    National Bank of Moldova (BNM) · Published 2018-09-14

    https://www.bnm.md/ro/content/clarificarea-pozitiei-de-reglementare-si-autorizare-monedei-virtualeAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [267] Bank of Albania — virtual currency risks (2017)

    On the risks associated with the use of virtual currency

    Bank of Albania · Published 2017-07-13

    https://www.bankofalbania.org/Press/On_the_risks_associated_with_the_use_of_virtual_currency.htmlAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [269] CBCG — vice-governor interview on crypto (2018)

    Intervju viceguvernera dr Nikole Fabrisa za dnevni list „Sloboda“

    Central Bank of Montenegro (CBCG) · Published 2018-03-01

    https://www.cbcg.me/me/javnost-rada/izlaganja/intervjui-i-autorski-tekstovi/intervju-viceguvernera-dr-nikole-fabrisa-za-dnevni-list-sloboda?id=1294Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [270] NBRM — statement on virtual currencies (2016)

    NBRM statement of 28 September 2016 on virtual and crypto currencies

    National Bank of the Republic of North Macedonia (NBRM) · Published 2016-09-28

    https://www.nbrm.mk/ns-newsarticle-soopshtieniie_na_nbrm_28_9_2016.nspxAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [284] Bank of Botswana — statement on crypto assets (2021)

    Press Release – Statement on Crypto Assets – Participation and Regulation

    Bank of Botswana · Published 2021-11-10

    https://www.bankofbotswana.bw/sites/default/files/press-release-files/PRESS%20RELEASE%20-%20Statement%20on%20Crypto%20Assets%20%20Participation%20and%20Regulation%20.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [286] BCEAO — crypto-assets conference (2026)

    Conférence internationale sur les crypto-actifs et les innovations numériques : la BCEAO appelle à une approche équilibrée entre innovation, stabilité et sécurité financières

    Banque Centrale des États de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (BCEAO) · Published 2026-05-08

    https://www.bceao.int/fr/content/conference-internationale-sur-les-crypto-actifs-et-les-innovations-numeriques-la-bceaoAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [291] Banque Centrale de Madagascar

    Avis sur les monnaies virtuelles

    Banque Centrale de Madagascar

    Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [292] RBM — public statement on cryptocurrencies (2020)

    Public Statement on Cryptocurrencies

    Reserve Bank of Malawi · Published 2020-06-23

    https://www.rbm.mw/Home/GetContentFile/?ContentID=39719Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [293] Central Bank of Sudan

    Warning on Virtual Currencies

    Central Bank of Sudan (CBOS)

    https://www.cbos.gov.sdAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [294] Bank of South Sudan

    Notice on Virtual Currencies

    Bank of South Sudan

    Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [295] CBL — notice on the TACC coin (2021)

    Public Notice on The Abundance Community Coin (TACC)

    Central Bank of Liberia · Published 2021-05-15

    https://www.cbl.org.lr/media/press-releases/public-notice-abundance-community-coin-taccAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [296] BSL — regulatory sandbox programme (2018)

    BSL Sandbox Program

    Bank of Sierra Leone · Published 2018

    https://bsl.gov.sl/BSL_Sandbox_Program.htmlAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [303] AMBD — caution on cryptocurrencies (2017)

    Public to Exercise High Caution with Cryptocurrencies

    Autoriti Monetari Brunei Darussalam (now the Brunei Darussalam Central Bank) · Published 2017-12-22

    https://cms.bdcb.gov.bn/storage/uploads/publications/17089439781708640.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [307] APG — Timor-Leste mutual evaluation (2024)

    Anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing measures – Timor-Leste, Mutual Evaluation Report

    Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering (APG) · Published 2024-12-18

    https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Mutualevaluations/TImor-Leste-MER-APG-2024.htmlAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [312] RBF — caution on cryptocurrencies (2024)

    RBF Cautions Public on the Use of and Investment in Cryptocurrencies and Virtual Assets

    Reserve Bank of Fiji · Published 2024-04-15

    https://www.rbf.gov.fj/press-release-no-08-rbf-cautions-public-on-the-use-of-and-investment-in-cryptocurrencies-and-virtual-assets/Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [316] RBV — stance on cryptocurrencies (2018)

    RBV Stance on the cryptocurrencies

    Reserve Bank of Vanuatu · Published 2018

    https://www.rbv.gov.vu/images/Press_Releases/2018/PR10%20-RBV%20Stance%20on%20the%20cryptocurrencies.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [317] Palau Public Auditor — stablecoin pilot audit (2025)

    Performance Audit Report on Stablecoin Pilot Project, Ministry of Finance (Report No. 2025-005)

    Office of the Public Auditor, Republic of Palau · Published 2025-06-11

    https://www.palaugov.pw/wp-content/uploads/Performance-Audit-Report-on-Stablecoin-Pilot-Project.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [319] CBI — Bitcoin warning (2017)

    تحذير تداول عملة البتكوين الافتراضية

    Central Bank of Iraq · Published 2017-12-03

    https://cbi.iq/news/view/512Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [320] Central Bank of Yemen

    Notice on Virtual Currencies

    Central Bank of Yemen

    Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [323] Guyana — VA and VASP risk assessment (2023)

    Money Laundering/Terrorist Financing Risk Assessment of Virtual Assets and Virtual Asset Service Providers

    AML/CFT/PF National Coordination Committee, Guyana (FIU Guyana) · Published 2023

    https://fiu.gov.gy/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Risk-Assessment-Virtual-Assets-and-VASPs.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [355] IRS — Notice 2014-21 virtual-currency guidance

    IRS Virtual Currency Guidance (IR-2014-36, announcing Notice 2014-21)

    U.S. Internal Revenue Service · Published 2014-03-25

    https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/irs-virtual-currency-guidanceAccessed 2026-09-01

  • [356] HMRC — Cryptoassets Manual

    Cryptoassets Manual (UK tax treatment of cryptoassets)

    HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC) · Published 2021-03-30

    https://www.gov.uk/hmrc-internal-manuals/cryptoassets-manualAccessed 2026-09-01

  • [357] PwC — Japan individual tax summary (2026)

    Worldwide Tax Summaries — Japan: Individual — Significant Developments

    PwC (Worldwide Tax Summaries) · Published 2026-08-07

    https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/japan/individualAccessed 2026-09-01

  • [358] Bitcoin Core 0.9.0 release notes

    Bitcoin Core version 0.9.0 release notes ("Relay OP_RETURN data TxOut as standard transaction type")

    Bitcoin Core Project (GitHub) · Published 2014

    https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.9.0/doc/release-notes.mdAccessed 2026-09-06

  • [359] Bitcoin Core 0.12.0 release notes

    Bitcoin Core version 0.12.0 release notes (OP_RETURN relay limit applied to the serialized scriptPubKey — 83 bytes by default)

    Bitcoin Core Project (GitHub) · Published 2016

    https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.12.0/doc/release-notes.mdAccessed 2026-09-06

  • [360] OpenTimestamps

    OpenTimestamps — a standard format for blockchain timestamping

    OpenTimestamps (Peter Todd and contributors)

    https://opentimestamps.org/Accessed 2026-09-06

  • [361] Bitcoin Developer Reference — Script

    Bitcoin Developer Reference — Transactions & Script (OP_RETURN terminates the script in failure when executed)

    Bitcoin Core Project (developer.bitcoin.org)

    https://developer.bitcoin.org/reference/transactions.htmlAccessed 2026-09-06

  • [366] Chainalysis — 2025 Crypto Crime Report

    2025 Crypto Crime Trends: Illicit Volumes Portend Record Year as On-Chain Crime Becomes Increasingly Diverse and Professionalized

    Chainalysis · Published 2025-01-15

    https://www.chainalysis.com/blog/2025-crypto-crime-report-introduction/Accessed 2026-09-06

  • [371] DARPA — AI Cyber Challenge (AIxCC)

    AI Cyber Challenge (AIxCC) — Program Page

    Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)

    https://www.darpa.mil/program/ai-cyber-challengeAccessed 2026-09-06

  • [372] IRS — Digital assets

    Digital assets

    U.S. Internal Revenue Service

    https://www.irs.gov/filing/digital-assetsAccessed 2026-09-30

  • [373] IRS — Casualty loss deduction made permanent

    Casualty loss deduction expanded and made permanent

    U.S. Internal Revenue Service

    https://www.irs.gov/forms-pubs/casualty-loss-deduction-expanded-and-made-permanentAccessed 2026-09-30

  • [374] Taxpayer Advocate — theft losses for scam victims

    IRS Chief Counsel advice on theft loss deductions for scam victims (CCA 202511015)

    Taxpayer Advocate Service · Published 2025

    https://taxpayeradvocate.irs.gov/news/nta-blog/irs-chief-counsel-advice-on-theft-loss-deductions-for-scam-victims/2025/04Accessed 2026-09-30

  • [375] GOV.UK — Capital Gains Tax rates

    Capital Gains Tax: rates

    HM Revenue & Customs (GOV.UK)

    https://www.gov.uk/capital-gains-tax/ratesAccessed 2026-09-30

  • [376] GOV.UK — Capital Gains Tax allowances

    Capital Gains Tax: allowances

    HM Revenue & Customs (GOV.UK)

    https://www.gov.uk/capital-gains-tax/allowancesAccessed 2026-09-30

  • [381] NTA — crypto asset tax FAQ (2025)

    FAQ on the tax treatment of crypto assets

    National Tax Agency, Japan · Published 2025

    https://www.nta.go.jp/publication/pamph/pdf/virtual_currency_faq_03.pdfAccessed 2026-09-30

  • [382] MOF — FY2026 tax reform outline

    Outline of the FY2026 tax reform

    Ministry of Finance, Japan · Published 2025-12-26

    https://www.mof.go.jp/tax_policy/tax_reform/outline/fy2026/20251226taikou.pdfAccessed 2026-09-30

  • [383] House of Representatives — FIEA amendment (bill 221-57)

    Bill 221-57: passed 15 July 2026 (Law No. 64)

    House of Representatives, Japan

    https://www.shugiin.go.jp/Internet/itdb_gian.nsf/html/gian/keika/1DE278A.htmAccessed 2026-09-30

  • [386] Ethereum Foundation — London mainnet announcement (2021)

    London Mainnet Announcement

    Ethereum Foundation Blog · Published 2021-07-15

    https://blog.ethereum.org/2021/07/15/london-mainnet-announcementAccessed 2026-10-02

  • [387] Ethereum.org — Gas and fees

    Gas and fees

    Ethereum.org

    https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/gas/Accessed 2026-10-02

  • [390] Ethereum Foundation — Pectra mainnet announcement (2025)

    Pectra Mainnet Announcement

    Ethereum Foundation Blog · Published 2025-04-23

    https://blog.ethereum.org/2025/04/23/pectra-mainnetAccessed 2026-10-02

  • [391] Ethereum Foundation — Fusaka mainnet announcement (2025)

    Fusaka Mainnet Announcement

    Ethereum Foundation Blog · Published 2025-11-06

    https://blog.ethereum.org/2025/11/06/fusaka-mainnet-announcementAccessed 2026-10-02

  • [394] Bitcoin Core 28.0 release notes (2024)

    Bitcoin Core 28.0 release notes (full-RBF by default, TRUC transactions, 1-parent-1-child package relay)

    Bitcoin Core Project · Published 2024-10-02

    https://bitcoincore.org/en/releases/28.0/Accessed 2026-10-02

  • [396] Ethereum.org — Glamsterdam

    Glamsterdam

    Ethereum.org

    https://ethereum.org/en/roadmap/glamsterdam/Accessed 2026-10-02

  • [397] Geth — command-line options

    Geth command-line options (--txpool.pricebump, --blobpool.pricebump)

    go-ethereum

    https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals/command-line-optionsAccessed 2026-10-02

  • [398] Ethereum.org — How the Merge impacted ETH supply

    How The Merge impacted ETH supply

    Ethereum.org

    https://ethereum.org/en/roadmap/merge/issuance/Accessed 2026-10-02

  • [401] ethereum.org — PoS rewards and penalties

    Proof-of-stake rewards and penalties

    ethereum.org

    https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/rewards-and-penalties/Accessed 2026-10-02

  • [402] ethereum.org — Solo staking

    Solo stake your ETH

    ethereum.org

    https://ethereum.org/en/staking/solo/Accessed 2026-10-02

  • [408] Lido — Launchnodes slashing post-mortem (2023)

    Post Mortem: Lido on Ethereum Launchnodes Slashing Incident

    Lido · Published 2023-10-13

    https://blog.lido.fi/post-mortem-launchnodes-slashing-incident/Accessed 2026-10-02

  • [409] SSV Network — September 2025 slashing post-mortem

    Post-Mortem: September 10th, 2025 Slashing Incident

    SSV Network · Published 2025

    https://ssv.network/blog/slashing-post-mortem-september-2025Accessed 2026-10-02

  • [411] Cosmos Hub — Validator FAQ

    Validator FAQ (Cosmos Hub documentation)

    Cosmos

    https://docs.cosmos.network/hub/latest/validators/validator-faqAccessed 2026-10-02

  • [412] Cardano Developer Portal — Staking

    Staking (Cardano developer curriculum)

    Cardano Developer Portal

    https://developers.cardano.org/docs/developers/curriculum/staking-governance/staking/Accessed 2026-10-02

  • [414] Lido docs — Lido tokens integration guide

    Lido tokens integration guide

    Lido

    https://docs.lido.fi/guides/lido-tokens-integration-guide/Accessed 2026-10-02

  • [420] Polkadot Wiki — Parachains protocol

    Security Protocol Overview (parachains)

    Polkadot Wiki (Web3 Foundation)

    https://wiki.polkadot.com/learn/learn-parachains-protocol/Accessed 2026-10-02

  • [421] Polkadot Wiki — Offenses and slashes

    Offenses & Slashes on Polkadot

    Polkadot Wiki (Web3 Foundation)

    https://wiki.polkadot.com/learn/learn-offenses/Accessed 2026-10-02

  • [422] Interchain Security docs — Consumer initiated slashing

    Consumer Initiated Slashing

    Cosmos (Interchain Security documentation)

    https://cosmos.github.io/interchain-security/features/slashingAccessed 2026-10-02

  • [423] Cosmos Hub — Proposal 993 (2025)

    [PROPOSAL 993][PASSED] Neutron and the Hub: A new chapter

    Cosmos Hub Forum · Published 2025-03-17

    https://forum.cosmos.network/t/proposal-993-passed-neutron-and-the-hub-a-new-chapter/15306Accessed 2026-10-02

  • [426] Eigen Labs — Slashing on mainnet (2025)

    Slashing on Mainnet is Coming Soon - What You Need to Know

    Eigen Labs · Published 2025-04-02

    https://www.eigenlabs.org/blog/slashing-on-mainnet-is-coming-soon-what-you-need-to-know/Accessed 2026-10-02

  • [427] Eigen Labs — Redistribution live on mainnet (2025)

    Redistribution is Live on Mainnet

    Eigen Labs · Published 2025-07-22

    https://www.eigenlabs.org/blog/redistribution-is-live-on-mainnet/Accessed 2026-10-02

  • [453] ADGM — crypto asset framework (2018)

    ADGM launches crypto asset regulatory framework

    Abu Dhabi Global Market · Published 2018-06-25

    https://www.adgm.com/media/announcements/adgm-launches-crypto-asset-regulatory-frameworkAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [454] FSC Korea — VASP registration review (2021)

    FSC and FSS Hold Meeting to Review Registration of VASPs

    Financial Services Commission (Korea) · Published 2021-09-22

    https://www.fsc.go.kr/eng/pr010101/76569Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [456] EAG — Russia DFA law signed (2020)

    A Law on digital financial assets and digital currency has been signed in the Russian Federation

    Eurasian Group on Combating Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism (EAG) · Published 2020-08-07

    https://eurasiangroup.org/en/a-law-on-digital-financial-assets-and-digital-currency-has-been-signed-in-the-russian-federationAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [460] Government of Ukraine — crypto donations (2022)

    Ministry of Digital Tranformation: $53 million in cryptocurrencies was raised in support of Ukraine

    Government of Ukraine (Government Portal) · Published 2022-03-04

    https://www.kmu.gov.ua/en/news/mincifri-na-pidtrimku-ukrayini-zibrali-53-mln-u-kriptoaktivahAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [462] TMX — first Bitcoin ETF (2021)

    Toronto Stock Exchange Lists World’s First Bitcoin ETF

    TMX Group · Published 2021-02-18

    https://investors.tmx.com/English/News--Events/news/news-details/2021/Toronto-Stock-Exchange-Lists-Worlds-First-Bitcoin-ETF-2021-2-18/default.aspxAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [466] SCB — DARE Act 2024 passed (2024)

    The Bahamas Introduces Transformative Digital Asset Legislation: The DARE Act 2024

    Securities Commission of The Bahamas · Published 2024-07-30

    https://scb.gov.bs/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Media-Release-The-Bahamas-Introduces-Transformative-Digital-Asset-Legislation-The-DARE-Act-2024.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [470] CIMA — VASP FAQ

    VASP FAQ

    Cayman Islands Monetary Authority

    https://www.cima.ky/vasp-faqAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [471] BVI FSC — virtual assets and VASP regulation FAQs

    Understanding Virtual Assets & VASP Regulation FAQs

    British Virgin Islands Financial Services Commission

    https://www.bvifsc.vg/sites/default/files/virtual_assets_faqs.pdfAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [473] AGN — AML law in force (2026)

    Este 17 de septiembre entra en vigor la ley antilavado de dinero

    Agencia Guatemalteca de Noticias · Published 2026-09-17

    https://agn.gt/este-17-de-septiembre-entra-en-vigor-la-ley-antilavado-de-dinero/Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [479] ECCB — 107th Monetary Council communiqué (2024)

    Communique of the 107th Meeting of the ECCB Monetary Council

    Eastern Caribbean Central Bank · Published 2024-02-16

    https://www.eccb-centralbank.org/news/communique-of-the-107th-meeting-of-the-eccb-monetary-council-2Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [480] ECCB — 112th Monetary Council communiqué (2026)

    Communique of the 112th Meeting of the ECCB Monetary Council

    Eastern Caribbean Central Bank · Published 2026-02-13

    https://www.eccb-centralbank.org/news/communique-of-the-112th-meeting-of-the-eccb-monetary-councilAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [482] Dominica FSU — Virtual Asset Business Act notice (2022)

    Virtual Asset Business Act, No. 1 of 2022

    Financial Services Unit, Commonwealth of Dominica (via Dom767) · Published 2022-07-03

    https://www.dom767.com/announcement/virtual-asset-business-act-of-2022/Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [483] GARFIN — virtual asset service providers

    Virtual Asset Service Providers

    Grenada Authority for the Regulation of Financial Institutions (GARFIN)

    https://www.garfin.gd/index.php/regulated-sectors/virtual-asset-service-providersAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [486] FSA SVG — Virtual Asset Business Act in force (2025)

    Implementation of the Virtual Asset Business Act & Commencement of the Registration Process for Virtual Asset Businesses

    St. Vincent and the Grenadines Financial Services Authority · Published 2025-05-27

    https://fsasvg.com/implementation-of-the-virtual-asset-business-act-commencement-of-the-registration-process-for-virtual-asset-businesses/Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [487] Suriname Ministry of Finance — VASP supervision act passed (2026)

    Suriname zet belangrijke stap met nieuwe wet voor toezicht op virtuele activa

    Ministerie van Financiën en Planning, Suriname · Published 2026-08-22

    https://gov.sr/suriname-zet-belangrijke-stap-met-nieuwe-wet-voor-toezicht-op-virtuele-activa/Accessed 2026-10-04

News coverage (84)

  • [48] Reuters — China crypto ban (2021)

    China declares all crypto-currency transactions illegal

    Reuters · Published 2021-09-24

    https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-declares-all-cryptocurrency-transactions-illegal-2021-09-24/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [49] Reuters — El Salvador Bitcoin (2021)

    El Salvador becomes first country to adopt Bitcoin as legal tender

    Reuters · Published 2021-09-07

    https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/el-salvador-leads-world-bitcoin-legal-tender-2021-09-07/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [50] Bloomberg — Nigeria crypto ban reversal (2023)

    Nigeria Reverses Ban on Banks Facilitating Crypto Transactions

    Bloomberg · Published 2023-12-22

    https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-12-22/nigeria-reverses-ban-on-banks-facilitating-crypto-transactionsAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [71] Reuters — Venezuela Petro (2018)

    Venezuela launches "Petro" cryptocurrency, pegged to oil and barrels

    Reuters · Published 2018-02-21

    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-crypto/venezuela-launches-petro-cryptocurrency-idUSKCN1G42J1/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [147] Nomad bridge post-mortem (2022)

    Nomad Bridge Incident — Analysis and Post-Mortem

    Nomad (official post-mortem) / Moonbirds team analysis · Published 2022-08-03

    https://medium.com/nomad-xyz-blog/nomad-bridge-incident-root-cause-analysis-87516a7898b0Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [148] Euler Finance exploit (2023)

    Euler Finance — $197M Exploit Post-Mortem and Recovery

    Euler Finance (official post-mortem) · Published 2023-03-13

    https://blog.euler.finance/euler-post-incident-report-13f6b4a44bf5Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [150] Plus Token — Chinese court/SCMP (2020)

    Chinese Court Sentences Plus Token Ponzi Operators — $5.8B Crypto Scheme

    South China Morning Post / Chinese courts (Jiangsu) · Published 2020-12-01

    https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3112115/chinese-cryptocurrency-scam-ringleaders-jailed-us225-billionAccessed 2026-09-01

  • [151] Thodex — Interpol red notice (2021)

    Turkey Seeks Interpol Red Notice for Thodex Crypto Exchange CEO

    Reuters · Published 2021-04-22

    https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkey-seeks-interpol-red-notice-thodex-crypto-exchange-ceo-2021-04-22/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [158] rekt.news — WazirX (2024)

    WazirX Rekt — Multisig Compromise at Liminal Custody

    rekt.news (incident database) · Published 2024-07-18

    https://rekt.news/wazirx-rektAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [159] rekt.news — Radiant Capital (Oct 2024)

    Radiant Capital Rekt 2 — Malware-Injected Signer Devices

    rekt.news (incident database) / Radiant Capital post-mortem · Published 2024-10-16

    https://rekt.news/radiant-rekt-2Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [160] rekt.news — Penpie (2024)

    Penpie Rekt — Reentrancy in batchHarvestMarketRewards

    rekt.news (incident database) · Published 2024-09-04

    https://rekt.news/penpie-rektAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [161] rekt.news — BingX (2024)

    BingX Rekt — Hot Wallet Compromise

    rekt.news (incident database) · Published 2024-09-20

    https://rekt.news/bingx-rektAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [162] rekt.news — Polter Finance (2024)

    Polter Finance Rekt — Flash-Loan Oracle Manipulation on Fantom

    rekt.news (incident database) · Published 2024-11-17

    https://rekt.news/polter-finance-rektAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [163] rekt.news — Munchables (2024)

    Munchables Rekt — Insider Backdoor in Upgradeable Proxy (Blast)

    rekt.news (incident database) · Published 2024-03-26

    https://rekt.news/munchables-rektAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [164] rekt.news — Orbit Bridge (2023/24)

    Orbit Bridge Rekt — Multisig Compromise

    rekt.news (incident database) · Published 2023-12-31

    https://rekt.news/orbit-bridge-rektAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [167] Kraken — bug-bounty exploit (2024)

    Kraken Security Incident — Zero-Day Allowed Fake Balances and Withdrawals

    Kraken (official statement) / rekt.news incident record · Published 2024-06-19

    https://rekt.news/leaderboardAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [181] Bloomberg — Terra collapse timeline (2022)

    How the $40 Billion Terra Luna Crypto Bubble Burst in 72 Hours

    Bloomberg · Published 2022-05-27

    https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-05-27/how-the-40-billion-terra-luna-crypto-bubble-burst-in-72-hoursAccessed 2026-08-03

  • [182] WizSec — Mt. Gox investigation

    The Missing Mt. Gox Bitcoins

    WizSec (Kim Nilsson) · Published 2015-04-18

    https://www.wizsec.jp/blog/2015/04/the-missing-mtgox-bitcoinsAccessed 2026-08-03

  • [183] Reuters — Mt. Gox bankruptcy (2014)

    Mt. Gox Files for Bankruptcy, Blames Hackers for Big Loss

    Reuters · Published 2014-02-28

    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mtgox-bitcoin-idUSBREA1R0QS20140228Accessed 2026-08-03

  • [195] Bitcoin Magazine — block-size war (2017)

    The Block Size War of 2017 — How the Small Blockers Won

    Bitcoin Magazine · Published 2017-08-23

    https://bitcoinmagazine.com/technical/long-road-segwitAccessed 2026-08-03

  • [199] Christie's — Beeple sale (2021)

    Beeple's "Everydays: The First 5000 Days" Sells for $69.3 Million

    Christie's · Published 2021-03-11

    https://www.christies.com/features/monumental-collage-by-beeple-first-ever-piece-of-purely-digital-art-11562.aspxAccessed 2026-08-03

  • [204] Digiconomist — Bitcoin Energy Consumption

    Bitcoin Energy Consumption Index

    Digiconomist · Published 2024-01-01

    https://digiconomist.net/bitcoin-energy-consumptionAccessed 2026-08-03

  • [216] Christie’s — auction settlement in DAI (2018)

    Christie’s First-Ever Blockchain-Recorded Art Auction Settles in Dai

    Christie’s · Published 2018-10-23

    https://www.christies.com/features/Christies-first-ever-blockchain-recorded-art-auction-settles-in-Dai-9769-1.aspxAccessed 2026-08-12

  • [229] Coin Center — sanctions lawsuit (2022)

    Coin Center Challenges Treasury’s Sanctioning of Tornado Cash

    Coin Center · Published 2022-09-08

    https://coincenter.org/entry/coin-center-challenges-treasurys-sanctioning-of-tornado-cash-in-federal-court/Accessed 2026-08-12

  • [230] Dutch prosecution — Pertsev verdict (2024)

    Netherlands Supreme Court Ruling on Tornado Cash Developer Alexey Pertsev

    Netherlands Public Prosecution Service · Published 2024-05-21

    https://www.om.nl.nl/actueel/persberichten/2024/05/21/hoge-raad-vonnissen-tornado-cashAccessed 2026-08-12

  • [254] Prensa Libre — Banguat: crypto not legal tender (2017)

    Banguat refiere que criptomonedas no son un medio de pago legal

    Prensa Libre · Published 2017-12-19

    https://www.prensalibre.com/economia/banguat-refiere-que-criptomonedas-no-son-un-medio-de-pago-legal/Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [268] Jabuka.tv — CBBH crypto warning (2018)

    Centralna banka BiH izdala upozorenje za kriptovalute

    Jabuka.tv · Published 2018-01-09

    https://www.jabuka.tv/centralna-banka-bih-izdala-upozorenje-za-kriptovalute/Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [280] Reuters — CAR adopts bitcoin (2022)

    Central African Republic adopts bitcoin as an official currency

    Reuters · Published 2022-04-27

    https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/central-african-republic-adopts-bitcoin-an-official-currency-2022-04-27/Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [283] Mercado — BNA alert on unauthorised crypto firms (2026)

    BNA alerta para nove entidades não autorizadas a operar serviços financeiros e de criptomoedas

    Mercado (Angola) · Published 2026-06-30

    https://mercado.co.ao/bna-alerta-para-nove-entidades-nao-autorizadas-a-operar-servicos-financeiros-e-de-criptomoedas/Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [285] Journal du Cameroun — COBAC crypto ban (2022)

    Cryptomonnaie : la Cobac interdit les transactions de crypto-actifs en zone Cemac

    Journal du Cameroun · Published 2022-05-16

    https://fr.journalducameroun.com/cryptomonnaie-la-cobac-interdit-les-transactions-de-crypto-actifs-en-zone-cemac/Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [288] Lusaka Times — BoZ: crypto not legal tender (2018)

    Cryptocurrencies are not legal tender in Zambia – BoZ

    Lusaka Times · Published 2018-10-13

    https://www.lusakatimes.com/2018/10/13/cryptocurrencies-are-not-legal-tender-in-zambia-boz/Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [290] Observador — Banco de Moçambique bitcoin alert (2018)

    Banco de Moçambique alerta para riscos da bitcoin

    Observador (Lusa) · Published 2018-01-09

    https://observador.pt/2018/01/09/banco-de-mocambique-alerta-para-os-riscos-do-uso-de-bitcoin/Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [298] Ecofin — BCEAO urges caution on crypto (2026)

    WAEMU: Cryptoasset Regulation Remains in Preparation, BCEAO Urges Caution

    Ecofin Agency · Published 2026-07-24

    https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-finances/2407-57691-waemu-cryptoasset-regulation-remains-in-preparation-bceao-urges-cautionAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [304] Laotian Times — Bank of Laos crypto warning (2021)

    Bank of Laos Warns Public Against Use of Cryptocurrency

    Laotian Times · Published 2021-08-18

    https://laotiantimes.com/2021/08/18/bank-of-laos-warns-public-against-use-of-cryptocurrency/Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [306] Crowdfund Insider — MMA: crypto not legal tender (2018)

    Maldives Monetary Authority: Crypto Not Legal Tender, Permission Not Granted

    Crowdfund Insider · Published 2018-10-17

    https://www.crowdfundinsider.com/2018/10/140214-maldives-monetary-authority-crypto-not-legal-tender-permission-not-granted/Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [308] Radio Ozodi — NBT position on crypto (2018)

    Нацбанк Таджикистана разъяснил свою позицию по криптовалютам

    Radio Ozodi (RFE/RL) · Published 2018-01-15

    https://www.azattyqasia.org/a/28976882.htmlAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [309] N1 — Turkmenistan legalises crypto mining and exchange (2026)

    Turkmenistan legalizovao rudarenje i razmenu kriptovaluta

    N1 (Serbia) · Published 2026-01-01

    https://n1info.rs/svet/turkmenistan-legalizovao-rudarenje-i-razmenu-kriptovaluta/Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [310] ArmBanks — Law on Cryptoassets in force (2025)

    Law on Cryptoassets enters into force in Armenia

    ArmBanks.am · Published 2025-07-09

    https://armbanks.am/en/2025/07/09/265061/Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [311] Trend — CBA rules on virtual-asset operations (2023)

    Resolution on Rules of Operations with Virtual Assets Aims to Prevent Money Laundering in Azerbaijan - CBA

    Trend News Agency · Published 2023-05-03

    https://www.trend.az/azerbaijan/business/3743312.htmlAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [313] The National — BPNG crypto warning (2026)

    Bank warns citizens not to involve in crypto

    The National (Papua New Guinea) · Published 2026-04-22

    https://www.thenational.com.pg/bank-warns-citizens-not-to-involve-in-crypto/Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [314] Samoa Global News — CBS crypto warning (2019)

    Central Bank Issues Warning on Cryptocurrencies

    Samoa Global News · Published 2019-02-21

    https://samoaglobalnews.com/cryptocurrency-promoters/Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [315] Nepituno — NRBT: crypto not legal tender (2021)

    Cryptocurrency is not legal tender warns the National Reserve Bank of Tonga

    Nepituno · Published 2021-06-16

    https://nepituno.to/~nepituno/index.php/others/item/4449-cryptocurrency-is-not-legal-tender-warns-the-national-reserve-bank-of-tongaAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [321] WAFA — PMA warning on VASPs (2023)

    سلطة النقد تحذر من التعامل مع مقدمي خدمات العملات المشفرة والأصول الافتراضية

    WAFA (Palestinian News & Info Agency) · Published 2023-05-08

    https://wafa.ps/Pages/Details/70768Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [324] Waterkant — CBvS bitcoin warning (2018)

    Waarschuwing Centrale Bank van Suriname: oppassen voor bitcoins

    Waterkant · Published 2018-08-10

    https://www.waterkant.net/suriname/2018/08/10/waarschuwing-centrale-bank-van-suriname-oppassen-voor-bitcoins/Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [325] rekt.news — Harmony Horizon (2022)

    Harmony Horizon Bridge Exploit — 2-of-5 Multisig Compromise

    rekt.news (incident database) / Harmony post-mortem · Published 2022-06-23

    https://rekt.news/harmony-rektAccessed 2026-08-27

  • [326] rekt.news — BadgerDAO (2021)

    BadgerDAO Rekt — Frontend/Cloudflare Compromise Drains User Wallets

    rekt.news (incident database) / BadgerDAO post-mortem · Published 2021-12-02

    https://rekt.news/badger-rektAccessed 2026-08-27

  • [327] rekt.news — KyberSwap (2023)

    KyberSwap Elastic Rekt — Concentrated-Liquidity Tick-Math Exploit

    rekt.news (incident database) / Kyber post-mortem · Published 2023-11-22

    https://rekt.news/kyberswap-rektAccessed 2026-08-27

  • [328] rekt.news — Cream Finance (2021)

    Cream Finance Rekt 2 — Flash-Loan Oracle Manipulation of LP Collateral

    rekt.news (incident database) · Published 2021-10-27

    https://rekt.news/cream-rekt-2Accessed 2026-08-27

  • [329] rekt.news — Sonne Finance (2024)

    Sonne Finance Rekt — Reentrancy in a Forked Compound Market

    rekt.news (incident database) · Published 2024-05-04

    https://rekt.news/sonne-rektAccessed 2026-08-27

  • [330] CoinDesk — KuCoin hack (2020)

    KuCoin Exchange Says ~$150M of Stolen Funds Recovered After ~$281M Hack

    CoinDesk · Published 2020-10-04

    https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2020/10/04/kucoin-says-150m-of-stolen-funds-recovered-after-281m-exchange-hackAccessed 2026-08-27

  • [331] CoinDesk — Bitgrail (2018)

    Nano Token Issuer Blames Bitgrail Exchange for ~$195M Loss

    CoinDesk · Published 2018-02-12

    https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2018/02/12/nano-token-issuer-blames-bitgrail-exchange-for-195m-lossAccessed 2026-08-27

  • [332] Elliptic — Atomic Wallet (2023)

    Atomic Wallet Hack Attributed to North Korea's Lazarus Group

    Elliptic (on-chain attribution) · Published 2023-06-13

    https://www.elliptic.co/blog/atomic-wallet-hack-attributed-to-north-koreas-lazarus-groupAccessed 2026-08-27

  • [333] Reuters — Liquid exchange (2021)

    Crypto Exchange Liquid Says About $97 Million Stolen in Hack

    Reuters · Published 2021-08-19

    https://www.reuters.com/technology/crypto-exchange-liquid-says-about-97-million-stolen-hack-2021-08-19Accessed 2026-08-27

  • [334] CoinDesk — Upbit hack (2019)

    Upbit Cryptocurrency Exchange Says ~$50M Stolen in Apparent Hack

    CoinDesk · Published 2019-11-27

    https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2019/11/27/upbit-cryptocurrency-exchange-says-50m-stolen-in-apparent-hackAccessed 2026-08-27

  • [337] Reuters — 3AC liquidation (2022)

    Three Arrows Capital Ordered to Liquidate by British Virgin Islands Court

    Reuters · Published 2022-06-29

    https://www.reuters.com/technology/three-arrows-capital-ordered-liquidate-by-british-virgin-islands-court-2022-06-29Accessed 2026-08-27

  • [338] Reuters — Voyager bankruptcy (2022)

    Crypto Lender Voyager Digital Files for Bankruptcy Protection

    Reuters · Published 2022-07-06

    https://www.reuters.com/technology/crypto-lender-voyager-digital-files-bankruptcy-protection-2022-07-06Accessed 2026-08-27

  • [339] Reuters — BlockFi bankruptcy (2022)

    Crypto Lender BlockFi Files for Bankruptcy Protection

    Reuters · Published 2022-11-28

    https://www.reuters.com/technology/crypto-lender-blockfi-files-bankruptcy-protection-2022-11-28Accessed 2026-08-27

  • [340] Reuters — MTI liquidation (2020/21)

    South African Court Places Mirror Trading International in Final Liquidation

    Reuters · Published 2021-06-30

    https://www.reuters.com/technology/south-african-court-places-mirror-trading-international-final-liquidation-2021-01-25Accessed 2026-08-27

  • [342] BBC — Squid Game token (2021)

    Squid Game Crypto Coin Collapses in Apparent Scam

    BBC News · Published 2021-11-02

    https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-59108758Accessed 2026-08-27

  • [343] Reuters — $LIBRA scandal (2025)

    Argentina's Milei Denies Wrongdoing in $LIBRA Crypto Scandal

    Reuters · Published 2025-02-18

    https://www.reuters.com/technology/argentinas-milei-denies-wrongdoing-libra-crypto-scandal-2025-02-18Accessed 2026-08-27

  • [345] rekt.news — BALD token (2023)

    BALD Rekt — Liquidity Pulled by Anonymous Developer on Base L2

    rekt.news (incident database) · Published 2023-07-31

    https://rekt.news/bald-rektAccessed 2026-08-27

  • [351] CoinDesk — HK Stablecoins Ordinance (2025)

    Hong Kong's Stablecoin Rules Kick In as It Looks to Establish Its Crypto Credentials

    CoinDesk · Published 2025-08-01

    https://www.coindesk.com/policy/2025/08/01/hong-kong-s-stablecoin-rules-kick-in-as-it-looks-to-establish-its-crypto-credentialsAccessed 2026-09-01

  • [363] CNN — Arup deepfake scam (2024)

    British Engineering Giant Arup Revealed as $25 Million Deepfake Scam Victim

    CNN · Published 2024-05-16

    https://www.cnn.com/2024/05/16/tech/arup-deepfake-scam-loss-hong-kong-intl-hnk/index.htmlAccessed 2026-09-06

  • [364] CNBC — Core Scientific × CoreWeave (2024)

    Bitcoin Miner Core Scientific Rides AI from Bankruptcy to $6.7 Billion Partnership in Eight Months

    CNBC · Published 2024-08-06

    https://www.cnbc.com/2024/08/06/bitcoin-miner-core-scientific-expands-coreweave-deal-to-6point7-billion.htmlAccessed 2026-09-06

  • [365] WIRED — Truth Terminal & GOAT (2024)

    The Edgelord AI That Turned a Shock Meme Into Millions in Crypto

    WIRED · Published 2024-12-18

    https://www.wired.com/story/truth-terminal-goatse-crypto-millionaire/Accessed 2026-09-06

  • [367] CBS News — Musk deepfake scams (2024)

    Deepfakes of Elon Musk Are Contributing to Billions of Dollars in Fraud Losses in the U.S.

    CBS News · Published 2024-11-24

    https://www.cbsnews.com/news/deepfakes-ai-fraud-elon-musk/Accessed 2026-09-06

  • [406] Ebunker — Ethereum staking weekly report (Sep 2026)

    Ethereum Staking Weekly Report, September 7, 2026

    Ebunker (via Bitget News) · Published 2026-09-07

    https://www.bitget.com/news/detail/12560605798507Accessed 2026-10-02

  • [407] The Block — 75 validators slashed in Staked bug (2021)

    75 Eth2 validators got slashed this week due to a Staked bug

    The Block · Published 2021-02-04

    https://www.theblock.co/post/93730/eth2-validators-slashed-staked-bugAccessed 2026-10-02

  • [430] CoinDesk — Renzo ezETH flash crash (2024)

    Renzo Restaked ETH Suffers a Brief Crash on Uniswap

    CoinDesk · Published 2024-04-24

    https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2024/04/24/renzo-restaked-eth-suffers-a-brief-crash-on-uniswapAccessed 2026-10-02

  • [439] Token Terminal — friend.tech (2023)

    Come for the points, stay for the frens

    Token Terminal Research · Published 2023-09-13

    https://tokenterminal.com/resources/crypto-research/friend-techAccessed 2026-10-02

  • [440] The Block — friend.tech renounces contracts (2024)

    Friend.Tech team renounces control of smart contracts following stagnant growth

    The Block (Zack Abrams) · Published 2024-09-08

    https://www.theblock.co/post/315172/friend-tech-team-renounces-control-of-smart-contracts-following-stagnant-growthAccessed 2026-10-02

  • [442] The Block — Pump.fun nears $100M revenue (2024)

    Pump.Fun nears $100 million cumulative revenue within eight months of launch

    The Block (Vishal Chawla) · Published 2024-08-19

    https://www.theblock.co/news/business/2024-08-19-pump-fun-nears-100-million-cumulative-revenue-within-eight-months-of-launch-311726Accessed 2026-10-02

  • [443] The Block — PumpSwap launch (2025)

    Pump.fun launches DEX called PumpSwap to instantly migrate graduated tokens

    The Block (MK Manoylov) · Published 2025-03-20

    https://www.theblock.co/post/347360/pump-fun-launches-dex-called-pumpswap-to-instantly-migrate-graduated-tokensAccessed 2026-10-02

  • [445] The Block — Pump.fun flash-loan exploit (2024)

    Solana token launcher Pump.fun suffers flash loan exploit

    The Block (MK Manoylov) · Published 2024-05-16

    https://www.theblock.co/post/294959/solana-token-launcher-pump-fun-suffers-flash-loan-exploitAccessed 2026-10-02

  • [447] The Block / Reuters — El Salvador Bitcoin Law amended (2025)

    El Salvador passes bill to revise bitcoin adoption strategy per IMF deal: Reuters

    The Block (Danny Park) · Published 2025-01-30

    https://www.theblock.co/post/337885/el-salvador-passes-bill-to-revise-bitcoin-adoption-strategy-per-imf-deal-reutersAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [448] Radio Pakistan — Pakistan Crypto Council (2025)

    Govt launches Crypto Council to regulate digital assets

    Radio Pakistan · Published 2025-03-14

    https://www.radio.gov.pk/14-03-2025/pakistan-launches-crypto-council-to-regulate-digital-assetsAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [449] Profit — Virtual Assets Ordinance (2025)

    President Zardari clears Virtual Assets Ordinance to regulate cryptocurrencies

    Profit by Pakistan Today · Published 2025-07-10

    https://profit.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/07/10/president-zardari-clears-virtual-assets-ordinance-to-regulate-cryptocurrencies/Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [458] Interfax — Russia mining law (2024)

    Putin signs bill legalizing cryptocurrency mining in Russia into law

    Interfax · Published 2024-08-08

    https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/104968/Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [459] Al Jazeera — Iran crypto mining (2019)

    Iran’s government recognises cryptocurrency mining with caveat

    Al Jazeera · Published 2019-08-05

    https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2019/8/5/irans-government-recognises-cryptocurrency-mining-with-caveatAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [461] Central Banking — CAR drops crypto legal tender (2023)

    CAR to drop crypto as legal tender

    Central Banking · Published 2023-03-27

    https://www.centralbanking.com/central-banks/currency/digital-currencies/7956294/car-to-drop-crypto-as-legal-tenderAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [463] Jamaica Observer — JAM-DEX launch (2022)

    JAM-DEX officially launched through Lynk App

    Jamaica Observer · Published 2022-07-25

    https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/2022/07/25/jam-dex-officially-launched-through-lynk-app/Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [465] CNBC — Poly Network hack (2021)

    Poly Network hack: Nearly all of $600 million in crypto returned

    CNBC · Published 2021-08-13

    https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/13/poly-network-hack-nearly-all-of-600-million-in-crypto-returned.htmlAccessed 2026-10-04

  • [472] Prensa Libre — new AML law covers crypto (2026)

    Nueva ley antilavado: amplía controles a criptomonedas, profesionales, inmobiliarias y empresas

    Prensa Libre · Published 2026-06-03

    https://www.prensalibre.com/economia/nueva-ley-antilavado-amplia-controles-a-criptomonedas-profesionales-inmobiliarias-y-empresas/Accessed 2026-10-04

  • [475] Reuters — ZEDEs ruled unconstitutional (2024)

    Honduras top court declares self-governing ZEDE zones unconstitutional

    Reuters (via Stabroek News) · Published 2024-09-21

    https://www.stabroeknews.com/2024/09/21/news/regional/honduras-top-court-declares-self-governing-zede-zones-unconstitutional/Accessed 2026-10-04

Research & analysis (17)

  • [51] Chainalysis — Crypto Adoption Index (2024)

    The 2024 Geography of Cryptocurrency Report — Global Crypto Adoption Index

    Chainalysis · Published 2024-09-11

    https://www.chainalysis.com/blog/2024-global-crypto-adoption-index/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [140] Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index (CBECI)

    Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index — Methodology and Estimates

    Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance (CCAF), University of Cambridge · Published 2024-12-01

    https://ccaf.io/cbeci/indexAccessed 2026-07-27

  • [141] Digiconomist BECI

    Bitcoin Energy Consumption Index — Comparative Estimates

    Digiconomist (Alex de Vries) · Published 2024-12-01

    https://digiconomist.net/bitcoin-energy-consumption/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [152] Chainalysis — Crypto Crime Report (2024)

    The 2024 Crypto Crime Report — Hacks, Scams, and Illicit Flows

    Chainalysis · Published 2024-01-18

    https://www.chainalysis.com/blog/2024-crypto-crime-report/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [168] Chainalysis — 2025 Crypto Crime Report

    The 2025 Crypto Crime Report — Hacks, Scams, and Illicit Flows

    Chainalysis · Published 2025-02-20

    https://www.chainalysis.com/blog/2025-crypto-crime-report/Accessed 2026-07-27

  • [170] Back — Hashcash (2002)

    Hashcash — A Denial of Service Counter-Measure

    Adam Back · Published 2002-08-01

    http://www.hashcash.org/papers/hashcash.pdfAccessed 2026-07-30

  • [173] Haber & Stornetta (1991)

    How to Time-Stamp a Digital Document

    Stuart Haber, W. Scott Stornetta (Journal of Cryptology) · Published 1991-01-01

    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00196791Accessed 2026-07-30

  • [174] Szabo — Smart Contracts (1997)

    Formalizing and Securing Relationships on Public Networks

    Nick Szabo (First Monday) · Published 1997-09-01

    https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/548/469Accessed 2026-07-30

  • [176] Chaum — DigiCash / eCash (1989)

    Blind Signatures for Untraceable Payments

    David Chaum (Advances in Cryptology — CRYPTO 1982) · Published 1982-08-01

    https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4684-7470-9_12Accessed 2026-07-30

  • [186] Daian — Flash Boys 2.0 (2019)

    Flash Boys 2.0: Frontrunning in Decentralized Exchanges, Miner Extractable Value, and Consensus Instability

    Philip Daian et al. (IEEE S&P 2020) · Published 2019-04-15

    https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.05234Accessed 2026-08-03

  • [196] Goldwasser, Micali, Rackoff (1985)

    The Knowledge Complexity of Interactive Proof-Systems

    Shafi Goldwasser, Silvio Micali, Charles Rackoff (SIAM J. Computing) · Published 1985-01-01

    https://people.csail.mit.edu/silvio/Selected%20Scientific%20Papers/Proof%20Systems/The_Knowledge_Complexity_Of_Interactive_Proof-Systems.pdfAccessed 2026-08-03

  • [197] Buterin — zk-SNARKs explained (2016)

    Quadratic Arithmetic Programs: from 0 to zk-SNARKs

    Vitalik Buterin (Vitalik.ca) · Published 2016-12-10

    https://medium.com/@VitalikButerin/quadratic-arithmetic-programs-from-zero-to-hero-f6d558cea649Accessed 2026-08-03

  • [203] Cambridge — Bitcoin Energy Index

    Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index (CBECI)

    Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance · Published 2024-01-01

    https://ccaf.io/cbnsi/cbeci/Accessed 2026-08-03

  • [222] Teinturier — channel jamming mitigation (2023)

    Channel Jamming Mitigation in the Lightning Network

    Bastien Teinturier (Lightning Dev Notes) · Published 2023-03-31

    https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lightning/bolts/master/proposals/channel-jamming-mitigation.mdAccessed 2026-08-12

  • [385] Roughgarden — EIP-1559 analysis (2020)

    Transaction Fee Mechanism Design for the Ethereum Blockchain: An Economic Analysis of EIP-1559

    Tim Roughgarden (arXiv) · Published 2020-12-01

    https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.00854Accessed 2026-10-02

  • [413] Edgington — Upgrading Ethereum: Issuance

    Upgrading Ethereum, §2.8.3 Issuance

    Ben Edgington (eth2book.info)

    https://eth2book.info/latest/part2/incentives/issuance/Accessed 2026-10-02

  • [457] Digital Policy Alert — Russia FZ-259

    Federal Law on digital financial assets and digital currency (FZ-259)

    Digital Policy Alert

    https://digitalpolicyalert.org/change/142-federal-law-on-digital-financial-assets-and-digital-currency-fz-259Accessed 2026-10-04

Educational only, not financial or legal advice.